Abbreviation: NRM. The magnetism that rocks have in their natural state. Volcanic rocks have particularly strong natural remanence. This is because when volcanic rocks are formed, they acquire strong thermoremanence as they cool from high-temperature magma. Sedimentary rocks also have weak natural remanence. This occurs when rock powder settles on the bottom of the water (sea floor), and ferromagnetic particles are deposited with their magnetization aligned with the direction of the geomagnetic field. In the case of metamorphic rocks, thermoremanence can be acquired when they are finally thermally metamorphosed to the Curie temperature, or when ferromagnetic minerals are formed at low temperatures through chemical changes or recrystallization, they can have magnetization that records the geomagnetic field at that time. Although not natural rocks, the soil from kilns where ancient people fired bricks and pottery, as well as the bricks and pottery, have natural remanence that reflects the geomagnetic field of that time. The natural remanence of such rocks and archaeological materials can be used to estimate past changes in the geomagnetic field. These findings revealed that the direction of the Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times throughout geological time and that the continents have moved. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
略称 NRM。岩石が自然状態でもっている磁気のこと。特に火山岩のもつ自然残留磁気は大きい。これは火山岩が生れるときに,高温のマグマから冷却するに伴い,強い熱残留磁気を獲得するためである。堆積岩も弱いながら自然残留磁気をもつ。これは水底 (海底) に岩石の粉が沈殿するとき,強磁性微粒子が地磁気の向きに磁化の向きをそろえて堆積するために生じるものである。変成岩の場合には,最後に熱変成を受けてキュリー温度になったときに熱残留磁気を獲得する場合もあるし,低温でも強磁性鉱物が化学変化や再結晶作用などで生じたときに,そのときの地球磁場を記録する磁化をもつ場合がある。また自然の岩石ではないが,古代の人々が煉瓦や土器を焼いた窯跡の土や,煉瓦や土器もその時代の地磁気を反映した自然残留磁気をもっている。このような岩石や考古学的資料の自然残留磁気を使って過去の地磁気の変化を推定することができる。これらから,地磁気の向きが地質時代を通じて何回も逆転したこと,大陸が移動したことなどが明らかにされた。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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