A poll tax stipulated by Islamic law. It was imposed by the Prophet Muhammad on Jews, Christians, and others. In the process of developing Islamic law, the distinction between the poll tax and the land tax (haraj) was clarified, and the poll tax came to be called jizya. The land tax is levied regardless of the religion or status of the landowner, but the poll tax is levied only on non-Muslims, not Muslims. The standard tax amount was one gold coin per adult male per year, but there were different tax amounts depending on the region and era. Non-Muslims had to pay a higher tax burden than Muslims because of the jizya, which caused dissatisfaction. In modern times, many Islamic countries have tax systems that are not based on Islamic law, and jizya is not imposed. [Akira Goto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イスラム法が定める人頭税。預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)がユダヤ教徒やキリスト教徒などに課した。イスラム法が整備される過程で人頭税と土地税(ハラージュ)の区分が明確化され、人頭税をジズヤとよぶようになった。土地税は、土地所有者の宗教、身分にかかわらず課税されるが、人頭税はイスラム教徒には課せられず、非イスラム教徒だけに課せられる。成人男子1人に対して年に金貨1枚が標準的な税額であったが、地域、時代により標準とは異なる税額があった。非イスラム教徒はジズヤの分だけイスラム教徒よりは過大に税を負担することになり、彼らには不満があった。現代ではイスラム諸国の多くはイスラム法によらない税体系をもち、ジズヤは課せられていない。 [後藤 明] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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