Observation is usually carried out using a seismograph to grasp seismic activity, estimate the location of the epicenter, the type of fault, and underground structure, or to know the vibration of buildings and the ground during an earthquake. The degree of shaking at a specific point can be indicated by a seismic intensity meter, but it can also be estimated from people's perception, the movement of objects, and damage. The first earthquake observation in Japan was started in 1872 (Meiji 5) by American missionary Verbeck, who was the vice principal of Kaisei School, using a pendulum. At the Tokyo Meteorological Observatory, observations began with a Palmieri seismograph when it was founded in 1875, and from 1884, earthquake reports such as the strength of the vibrations, which were not based on a seismograph, were collected from all over Japan. Earthquake observations are usually carried out over long periods at the same location, with ground movements continuously recorded by seismometers. From these records, the arrival time, vibration direction, and amplitude of seismic waves such as P waves can be read, and the location of the epicenter and magnitude can be determined by reading multiple points. Since the 1980s, this work has often been processed automatically by computer in real time, and movements at the epicenter (such as the type of fault) can be estimated directly from the seismic waveform. In addition to these routine observations, temporary observations with specific purposes, such as understanding aftershocks and earthquake swarm activity, are also conducted. [Kunihiko Shimazaki] "Silent Earthquakes: Messages from the Earth's Interior, by Kawasaki Ichiro, Shimamura Hideki, and Asada Satoshi (1993, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Earthquakes, by Bruce A. Bolt, translated by Kanazawa Toshihiko (1997, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Seismology, by Utsu Tokuji (2001, Kyoritsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Understanding Seismology: The Unknown Drama of the Earth, by Shimamura Hideki (2002, Shokokusha)" ▽ "Where Do Earthquakes Occur?: The Cutting Edge of Earthquake Research, by Shimamura Hideki (Kodansha Bluebacks)" [Reference] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地震活動を把握し、震源の位置、断層の種類や地下構造を推定するため、あるいは建物や地盤の地震時の震動を知るため、通常、地震計を用いて行われる観測のこと。特定地点の揺れの程度は、震度計を用いて表すことができるが、人の感じ方や物体の動き、被害などから推定することもできる。日本での最初の地震観測は、1872年(明治5)開成学校の教頭であったアメリカの宣教師フルベッキにより振り子を用いて始められたという。東京気象台では、1875年の創設時からパルミエリ地震計による観測が始まり、1884年からは、震動の強弱など地震計によらない地震の報告が日本中から収集されるようになった。 地震観測は通常、同一地点で長時間続けられ、地面の動きは地震計により連続的に記録される。この記録からP波などの地震波の到達時刻や振動方向、振幅などが読み取られ、多数点の読み取りから震源の位置やマグニチュードなどが決められる。1980年代以降これらの作業は、リアルタイムでコンピュータにより自動処理されることが多く、地震波形から直接震源での動き(断層の種類など)が推定される。このような定常観測のほかに、余震や群発地震活動の把握など、特定の目的をもつ一時的な観測も行われる。 [島崎邦彦] 『川崎一朗・島村英紀・浅田敏著『サイレント・アースクェイク――地球内部からのメッセージ』(1993・東京大学出版会)』▽『ブルース・A・ボルト著、金沢敏彦訳『地震』(1997・東京化学同人)』▽『宇津徳治著『地震学』(2001・共立出版)』▽『島村英紀著『地震学がよくわかる――誰も知らない地球のドラマ』(2002・彰国社)』▽『島村英紀著『地震はどこに起こるのか――地震研究の最前線』(講談社ブルーバックス)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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