A method of foreign exchange control, a system in which foreign currency acquired by traders through exports or other means is concentrated by law in the government or foreign exchange banks. The strictest system is the total concentration system, in which all foreign currency acquired by foreign exchange banks and trading companies is concentrated in the government. In this case, the foreign currency required by the traders is allocated in order of priority. As foreign exchange control is relaxed, the system shifts to a holding concentration system, in which foreign exchange banks, trading companies, shipping companies, insurance companies, etc. are allowed to hold foreign currency within a certain limit and manage it. In Japan, the total concentration system was adopted after the Second World War because foreign currency was scarce, but it was relaxed in 1952 and the system shifted to a holding concentration system. Furthermore, due to the increase in foreign currency reserves, the foreign currency concentration system was abolished in May 1972, but more relaxed holding restrictions were implemented for foreign exchange banks. [Tsuchiya Rokuro] In 1998, the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act was revised to liberalize foreign exchange business, abolishing the foreign exchange bank system and eliminating restrictions on holdings. [Editorial Department] [Reference] | Foreign Trade Act |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
為替(かわせ)管理の一方法で、貿易業者などが輸出その他によって取得した外貨を法律によって政府あるいは外国為替銀行に集中する制度。もっとも厳しいのは全面集中制であり、外国為替銀行や商社などが取得した外貨はすべて政府に集中させる。その際、業者が必要とする外貨は、順位をつけて割り当てられる。為替管理が緩和されるにしたがい、外国為替銀行、商社、海運会社、保険会社などに一定の枠内で外貨の手持ちを認め、その運用を許す持高集中制へ移行する。日本では第二次世界大戦後、外貨が乏しかったので全面集中制がとられていたが、1952年(昭和27)に緩和されて持高集中制へ移行した。さらに外貨準備高の増加により、72年5月には外貨集中制度の廃止に踏み切ったが、外国為替銀行に対しては、より緩やかな持高規制が実施された。 [土屋六郎] 1998年(平成10)外国為替業務を自由化する「外国為替及び外国貿易法」(外為法)の改正が行われ、外国為替銀行の制度も廃止となり、同時に持高規制もなくなった。 [編集部] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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