This refers to a situation in which economically efficient allocation (Pareto efficiency, Pareto optimum) is not achieved even when market mechanisms are working. In modern economics, market failures such as environmental destruction (pollution, global warming, etc.) and declines in product quality are believed to occur due to factors such as monopolies and oligopolies, incomplete markets, information asymmetries (such as sellers having product information that buyers do not know), the existence of decreasing-cost industries such as electric power companies, and external effects of the economic activities of one economic entity on the economic activities of other economic entities. To avoid failure, Hurwitz and others proposed mechanism design theory, which states that mechanisms and systems are necessary for markets to function effectively. In 2007, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Unemployment, poverty, suicide, social inequality, etc. have traditionally been considered issues of distributional fairness, not market failure. However, theories on income distribution and social costs have been developed by Sen and others who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998, and it is now commonly argued that social problems such as poverty and inequality are also market failures. [Editorial Department] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
市場メカニズムが働いていても、経済的な効率的配分(パレート効率性Pareto efficiency、パレート最適)が達成されない状況をいう。近代経済学では、独占・寡占、売買する市場の不完備、買い手の知りえない商品情報を売り手がもっているなどの情報の非対称性、電力会社などの費用逓減産業の存在、ある経済主体の経済活動が他の経済主体の経済活動に対して与える外部効果などが原因となって、公害や地球温暖化などの環境破壊、商品品質の低下などの市場の失敗が起きるとしている。 失敗を避けるため、ハービッツらは、市場が有効に機能するための仕組みや制度が必要であるとするメカニズム・デザイン理論mechanism design theoryを提唱。2007年にノーベル経済学賞を受賞した。 失業、貧困、自殺、社会的格差などは従来、配分の公平性の問題で、市場の失敗ではないとされてきた。しかし1998年にノーベル経済学賞を受賞したセンらによって、所得分配や社会的コストに関する理論が発展し、現在では、貧困や格差などの社会問題についても市場の失敗であるとの主張が一般的になっている。 [編集部] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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