Hell

Japanese: 地獄 - じごく

〘Noun〙 (naraka (Naruaka), a translation of niraya (Niraya). Said to come from the meaning of "underground prison")① A Buddhist term. One of the six realms. It refers to the place where those who have committed evil deeds in this life are punished after death and fall into suffering, or to those who fall into that world, or to the way of life they live. There are said to be many different types, with the eight great hells being Tokatsu, Kuronawa, Shugo, Scream, Great Scream, Scorching, Great Scorching, and Avici (Inferno). Each of these has four smaller hells (also called separate places or related hells) outside the gates on each side, as well as the Eight Cold Hells and Solitary Hells. It is also said that King Enma judges the sins of the dead in life and commands the prison guard demons such as Gozu and Mezu to punish them. Hell. Road to hell. Abyss . The underworld. ※Postscript to the Thousand-Armed Thousand-Eyed Dharani Sutra - July 15, 741, Tenpyo 13: "If you wish to return to _hell, you will suffer the heat and suffering of hell, the hunger and suffering of hungry ghosts, the misery of animals, and _all living beings will _soon attain _liberation and enjoy _peace . _" ※Utsubo (c. 970-999) Fukiage and Shigeta: "As such, you will be punished for your actions. In the world to come, there will be no more times when you sink to the bottom of the earth and float up." ※Kenkosho of the Nihon Shoki (1481) " Yomotsukuni is hell." [The Lotus Sutra - Parable Chapter] ② In Christianity, this refers to the place where unrepentant sinners go after death, or the state they are in. ※Reference: The New Testament (1880), Gospel of Matata: "Whoever calls you mad and delusional shall be consigned to the fires of hell ." ③ A state of suffering similar to that of ①. A state of being beyond salvation. ※The Words of Daio Kokushi (c. 1308): "If you commit a sin and slander the law, your heart will become hell." ※Modern Literature Theory (1939), Artistic Value and Political Value by Kubokawa Tsurujiro: "Reading the novels in the monthly magazines is frankly hell." ④ A place where fire smoke is constantly rising and boiling water is spewing out, such as at a volcano or hot spring. A word that evokes the image of a scorching hell. ※Konjaku (around 1120) 14 "It is said that there is a hell on that mountain. The state of the place is as follows: ( omitted ) Hot water gushes out from the side of the rocks, causing the great rocks to move." ⑤ A woman who secretly engages in prostitution. Private prostitute. ※Kabuki, Gosetsu Kanjincho (1773), 2nd verse "She is alone and cannot afford to eat, so her landlord advises her to go to hell, but she refuses to listen." ※Shakai Hyakumenso (1902)〈Uchida Roan〉Fashionable gentleman "A prostitute in Paris " ⑥ An abbreviation of "Hell Inn." ※Kabuki Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan (1825), prologue: “Cow, masseuse , are you going to send me to hell? ” ⑦ In a theater, the room under the stage floor. The part where the stage rises up. Abyss. ⑧ Abbreviation of “Jigokuotoshi (fall into hell).” ※Humorous story, Harakawa Otohachigei (1809), child: “The maid has set up a trap , and if my husband goes to paradise, that would be good, but he will go to hell. ” [Etymology] (1) ① was found mainly in Buddhist books and devotional texts until the late Heian period, and was almost never found in general Chinese poetry or kana literature, but it is used frequently in the story collections starting from “Ryōiki.” From the Middle Ages onwards, with the spread of Pure Land Buddhism, the issue of "afterlife" became an issue, and the detailed description of hell in the "Ojoyoshu" became widely known, so the term became established among the general public.
(2) In the "Ryōiki-chō," a monk who is resurrected from hell is told not to eat "yomotsuhemono" (food that burns in the fire of the yellow hearth). From this example, we can see that in ancient times, "hell" and "underworld" were interpreted as the same thing. This idea remained in the Middle Ages. In modern times, the Christian word "hell" was also translated as "hell."

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙 (naraka （那落迦）、niraya （泥犁）の訳語。「地下にある牢獄」の意からといわれる)① 仏語。六道の一つ。現世で悪業(あくごう)を重ねた者が、死後その報いによって落ちて、責め苦を受けるという所、またはその世界に落ちた者、あるいはその生存のあり方をいう。種類がいろいろあるとされ、等活・黒縄・衆合・叫喚・大叫喚・焦熱・大焦熱・阿鼻（無間）が八大地獄で、このそれぞれには四方の門外にまたそれぞれ四つずつの小地獄（別処とも眷属地獄ともいう）があり、このほか、八寒地獄、孤地獄などがあるという。また、閻魔大王(えんまだいおう)が死者の生前の罪を審判し、牛頭(ごず)、馬頭(めず)などの獄卒の鬼に命じ呵責(かしゃく)を与えるという。地獄界。地獄道。奈落(ならく)。冥府。※千手千眼陀羅尼経跋‐天平一三年（741）七月一五日「願淪_二廻於地獄熱煩苦、餓鬼飢餓苦畜生逼迫苦等_一衆生、早得_二出離_一、同受_二安寧_一」※宇津保（970‐999頃）吹上下「然ありける報いに、かかる身となりぬ。来む世には地ごくの底に沈みて浮かむ世あらじ」※日本書紀兼倶抄（1481）「黄泉(よもつくに)は地獄ぞ」〔法華経‐譬喩品〕② キリスト教で、悔い改めのない罪人が死後行くところ、あるいはその状態をいう。※引照新約全書（1880）馬太伝福音書「狂妄(しれもの)よといふ者は地獄(ヂゴク)の火に干(あづか)るべし」③ ①に落ちたような苦しみの境界。救いがたい状態。※大応国師法語（1308頃）「罪を犯し法を謗れば、心地獄と成り」※現代文学論（1939）〈窪川鶴次郎〉芸術的価値と政治的価値「月々の雑誌の小説を読むことは率直に言って地獄である」④ 噴火山や温泉地などで、たえず火煙が燃えあがり、また、熱湯などが吹き出ている所。焦熱地獄のさまを連想していった語。※今昔（1120頃か）一四「彼の山に地獄(ぢごく)有と云ひ伝へたり。其の所の様は、〈略〉湯荒く涌(わき)て巖の辺(ほとり)より涌出づるに、大なる巖、動く」⑤ ひそかに売春行為をする女。私娼。※歌舞伎・御摂勧進帳（1773）二番目「独り身で喰ふや喰はずにゐようより、大家が勧めで、地獄にでも、出ろといふ事を聞かぬ故」※社会百面相（1902）〈内田魯庵〉ハイカラ紳士「巴黎(パリイ)の淫売婦(ヂゴク)」⑥ 「じごくやど（地獄宿）」の略。※歌舞伎・東海道四谷怪談（1825）序幕「カウ、按摩さん、お前(めえ)の所では地獄(ヂゴク)をするのか」⑦ 劇場で、舞台の床下の部屋。舞台のせり上がってくる所。奈落。⑧ 「じごくおとし（地獄落）」の略。※滑稽本・腹佳話鸚鵡八芸（1809）子「下女めが細工に穽(をとし)を設(かけ)ますが、夫も極楽なら宜(よう)ござりますが地獄(ヂゴク)さ」[語誌](1)①は平安朝後期までは、もっぱら仏書、願文に見られるだけで、一般の漢詩文や仮名文学にはほとんど例がないが、「霊異記」以下の説話集には一貫して用例が多い。中世以降は、浄土教の流布によって「後生」が問題になり、「往生要集」の詳細な地獄描写が広く浸透したこともあり、一般の人々の間に言葉として定着した。
(2)「霊異記‐中」の、地獄から蘇生する法師が「黄竈火物(よもつへもの)」を食うなと言われる例からすると、古くは「地獄」と「よみの国」とが同類に解されていたことが知られる。中世にもその考え方は残存した。近現代では、キリスト教の hell も地獄と訳された。

出典　精選版日本国語大辞典精選版日本国語大辞典について　情報

<<: Shikoku dog

>>: Time - Jikoku (English) time