Aldoses are monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde group and are distinguished from ketoses. Depending on the number of carbon atoms, they are classified as aldotrioses, aldotetroses, aldopentoses, aldohexoses, etc. They are soluble in water. They are sweet, reduce Fehling's solution, and show a silver mirror reaction. They react with phenylhydrazine to form crystalline hydrazones and osazones (see alternative terms for reducing sugars). In contrast to ketoses, they are oxidized in the way they are oxidized. That is, when aldoses are gently oxidized with bromine water, only the aldehyde group is oxidized to form a monocarboxylic acid called aldonic acid, and when heated with nitric acid, both ends of the molecule are oxidized to form a dicarboxylic acid called an aldaric acid (sugar acid). The diagram shows the structures and relationships of D -series aldoses. Their configurations can be determined by forming osazones, degrading or increasing the carbon chain, or oxidizing them to dicarboxylic acids or reducing them to sugar alcohols. The three-letter symbols used to represent sugar chain structures are also provided for pentoses and hexoses. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
アルデヒド基をもつ単糖類をいい,ケトースと区別される.その炭素数により,アルドトリオース,アルドテトロース,アルドペントース,アルドヘキソースなどに分類される.水に可溶.甘く,フェーリング液を還元し,銀鏡反応を示す.フェニルヒドラジンと反応して結晶性のヒドラゾンやオサゾンをつくる([別用語参照]還元糖).ケトースと比べて対照的なのは酸化のされ方である.すなわち,アルドースを臭素水により穏やかに酸化すれば,アルデヒド基だけが酸化を受けてアルドン酸とよばれるモノカルボン酸となり,硝酸と熱すれば,分子の両端が酸化されてアルダル酸(糖酸)とよばれるジカルボン酸になる. 図はD系のアルドースの構造と相互関係を示す.それらの立体配置はオサゾンをつくるか,炭素鎖を減成または増成し,あるいは酸化してジカルボン酸とするか,還元して糖アルコールに導くなどによって相互関係を明らかにして知ることができる.なお,ペントースとヘキソースについては糖鎖構造の表示に用いられる三文字記号を付記した. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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