Tuyuhun - Touyuhun

A nomadic nation in the Qinghai region of China. It was made King of Henan by the Southern Dynasty and King of Western Qin by the Northern Wei Dynasty. The royal family was the Murong clan of Xianbei origin, and the people were mostly of Tibetan descent. In the early period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, a branch of the Xianbei Murong tribe left their original habitat along the Shiramuren River, and while intermarrying with the Qiang and Xiongnu tribes, they moved from the Mongolian Plateau to Qinghai, becoming a major force in the west. They reached their peak in the first half of the 5th century during the Mu period, and had close ties with the northern and southern dynasties in various areas of politics, economy, and culture. In the mid-6th century, they advanced westward and became an important trade hub between China and the Western Regions, but then they were attacked by the great expedition of Emperor Yang of Sui, causing a temporary decline. However, they recovered by taking advantage of the chaos at the end of the Sui dynasty. After the establishment of the Tang dynasty, they maintained frequent contact with each other, but after the great expeditions of the Tang dynasty in 634 and 635, they came under indirect rule. They were eventually destroyed in 663 by the powerful Tubo tribes that had arisen in Tibet at that time. In 670, the Tang dynasty launched an expedition to recapture the Tuyuhun's former territory in an attempt to counter the advance of the Tubo tribes, but were defeated. The Tang dynasty then moved the remaining Tuyuhun people to Liangzhou, then to Lingzhou, and established Anlezhou there. However, they were again subjected to pressure from the Tubo Empire and eventually moved to Shaofang and Hedong, eventually mixing into China.

[Isao Katagiri]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、青海地方の遊牧民族の国。南朝からは河南王に、北魏(ほくぎ)からは西秦(せいしん)王に封じられていた。王族は鮮卑(せんぴ)種の慕容(ぼよう)氏で、民衆はチベット系が主であった。五胡(ごこ)十六国の初期、原住地のシラムレン川辺を離れた鮮卑・慕容部の一支族は、羌(きょう)族、匈奴(きょうど)族などと混血しつつ、モンゴル高原から青海へと移り、西方の一大勢力となり、5世紀前半、慕(ぼかい)のときに最盛期を迎え、南北諸王朝と政治、経済、文化の各方面で密接な関係をもった。6世紀なかばには西方へ進出し、中国と西域(せいいき)間の重要な交易中継者となったが、やがて隋(ずい)の煬帝(ようだい)の大遠征を受け、一時衰えた。しかし隋末の混乱に乗じて再興した。のち、唐建立後は頻繁な交流を保っていたが、634、635両年にわたる唐の大遠征を受け、その羈縻(きび)支配（間接統治）下に入った。やがて当時チベットに興り強大化した吐蕃(とばん)のため、663年に滅ぼされた。670年、唐は吐蕃の進出に対抗し、吐谷渾の故地奪回のために遠征したが敗れ、唐は吐谷渾の遺民を涼州へ、さらに霊州へと移し、安楽州を置いた。しかしふたたび吐蕃の圧力を受け、ついには朔方(さくほう)、河東へと移り、中国内へ混入していった。

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