A device for precisely measuring the time when celestial objects pass over the meridian. The telescope part for capturing the stars is designed to rotate only in the north-south direction in order to increase the measurement precision of the device. Therefore, it is called a transit instrument because it can only see the meridian part of the celestial sphere. The purpose of the meridian instrument observation was to know the sidereal time by capturing the moment when the right ascension of a fixed star with known meridian crossing, and then to calculate civil time (mean solar time) and compare it with a handheld clock to keep the clock in the correct mean solar time. The current civil time is based on the time of an atomic clock, and is corrected and kept by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) using high-precision observations such as the Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI), so the meridian instrument is no longer used. [Koichi Nakajima] [Reference] |A transit instrument at the National Astronomical Observatory's Mitaka campus. It was manufactured by the German company Repsold and purchased by the Meiji government in 1881 (Meiji 14). Nationally designated important cultural property ©National Astronomical Observatory "> National Astronomical Observatory Repsold Meridian This facility houses the Repsold Transit Instrument. It is a single-story reinforced concrete building built in 1925 (Taisho 14). It became the Transit Instrument Museum in 2008 (Heisei 20). In April 2014, it was designated a national tangible cultural property. Mitaka City, Tokyo ©National Astronomical Observatory "> National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Repsold Meridian Room Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
天体の子午線通過時刻を精密に測定するための装置。星をとらえるための望遠鏡部分は、装置の測定精度を高めるために南北方向にしか回転しないようにつくられている。それゆえ天球上の子午線部分しか見ることができないので、子午儀とよばれる。 子午儀観測の目的は、赤経の知られている恒星の子午線通過の瞬間をとらえてその恒星時を知り、それから常用時(平均太陽時)を計算して手持ちの時計と比較し、時計を正しい平均太陽時に保つことであった。現在の常用時は、原子時計の時刻を基準とし、それをVLBI(超長基線電波干渉計)などの高精度な観測の国際地球回転観測事業(IERS:International Earth Rotation Service)によって修正して保時されるので、子午儀は使用されていない。 [中嶋浩一] [参照項目] |国立天文台三鷹キャンパスにある子午儀。ドイツのレプソルド社製で、1881年(明治14)に明治政府により購入された。国指定重要文化財©国立天文台"> 国立天文台レプソルド子午儀 レプソルド子午儀を格納する施設。1925年(大正14)建設の鉄筋コンクリート造平屋建て。2008年(平成20)より子午儀資料館となった。2014年4月、国の登録有形文化財に指定された。東京都三鷹市©国立天文台"> 国立天文台レプソルド子午儀室 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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