Alpha decay - Alpha decay

Japanese: α崩壊 - あるふぁほうかい(英語表記)α decay
Alpha decay - Alpha decay

The phenomenon in which an atomic nucleus emits alpha particles, i.e., helium nuclei, and changes into another atomic nucleus. Alpha rays are a type of radiation, and their true identity is a naked atomic nucleus that has had its electrons stripped from a helium atom. This is called an alpha particle, and is an atomic nucleus made up of two protons and two neutrons. Here is an example of a decay in which an alpha particle is emitted from a parent nucleus to produce a daughter nucleus:

(Half-life is 1590 years). This shows that radium with mass number 226 emits an alpha particle and turns into radon 222. An alpha particle has a mass number of 4 and two protons, so it turns into an atomic nucleus with a mass number of 4 and an atomic number decreased by 2 through alpha decay.

Alpha decay occurs when the sum of the binding energies of the daughter nucleus and the alpha particle is greater than the binding energy of the parent nucleus. The probability of alpha decay is given by the product of the probability of an alpha particle being formed on the surface of the parent nucleus and the probability of the alpha particle being separated from the daughter nucleus. The latter is the probability of the alpha particle passing through the Coulomb potential barrier between the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus. The energy at the top of the potential barrier is greater than the energy of the emitted alpha particle. In this case, classical mechanics prohibits the alpha particle from passing through, but in quantum mechanics, the probability of the alpha particle passing through depends strongly on the size of the external potential barrier due to the wave nature of the alpha particle. In fact, the half-lives of nuclei in the natural radioactive series that emit alpha particles range from 10 10 , which is longer than the lifespan of the Earth, to a very short 10 -6 seconds.

[Kiyomi Ikeda]

[References] | Coulomb's law| Atomic nucleus | Neutron | Electron | Half-life | Potential | Proton | Quantum mechanics
Alpha decay
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Alpha decay


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原子核がα粒子すなわちヘリウム原子核を放出して他の原子核に変化する現象。放射線の一つとしてα線があり、α線の正体はヘリウム原子から電子がはぎ取られた、裸の原子核である。これはα粒子とよばれ、陽子2個と中性子2個からなる原子核である。ある親核からα粒子が放出され娘核(じょうかく)ができる崩壊の一例を示すと

(半減期は1590年)となる。これは質量数226のラジウムがα粒子を放出してラドン222に変わることを示している。α粒子は質量数が4、陽子数が2だから、α崩壊で質量数が4、原子番号が2減った原子核に変わる。

 α崩壊がおこるのは、親核の結合エネルギーよりも、娘核とα粒子の結合エネルギーの和が大きい場合である。α崩壊がおこる確率は、親核の表面でα粒子が形成される確率と、α粒子と娘核とが分離できる確率の積で与えられる。後者はα粒子と娘核との間にはだかるクーロンポテンシャル障壁を透過する確率である。ポテンシャル障壁の頂上のエネルギーは、放出されるα粒子のエネルギーよりも大きい。この場合、古典力学ではα粒子の透過が禁止されるが、量子力学ではα粒子のもつ波動の性質によって透過する確率は、外部のポテンシャル障壁の大きさに強く依存する。実際、α粒子を放射する自然放射能系列の原子核の半減期は、地球の寿命より長い1010年から非常に短い10-6秒に至る値を示す。

[池田清美]

[参照項目] | クーロンの法則 | 原子核 | 中性子 | 電子 | 半減期 | ポテンシャル | 陽子 | 量子力学
α崩壊
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α崩壊


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