Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba

Japanese: アルバ公 - あるばこう(英語表記)Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duque de Alba
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba

Spanish soldier and politician. The third duke of the prestigious Alba family, which still exists today. Born in Avila in central-western Spain. At the age of 17, he participated in a war against France on the northern border, and his achievements were recognized by King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). In 1546, he led the Schmalkaldic War against Protestant princes and cities, and the following year, in 1547, he won the Battle of Mühlberg, making a great contribution to Charles' domination of Europe. In 1552, he went to Italy and became Governor of Naples (1556), withstood French attacks, and in 1559, as foreign minister, he concluded the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis. In 1567, he became Governor of Flanders, and established a religious inquisition called the "Bloody Tribunal" to suppress anti-Spanish movements there, and executed several thousand people, including Count Egmont and Count Hoorn. However, his oppression and heavy taxation policies led to the beginning of the Dutch War of Independence, and in an attempt to avert this, King Philip II ordered him to return home (1573) and subsequently banished him from the royal court. In 1580, he was called upon again to conquer Portugal, and although he was victorious, he was unable to regain the king's favor and died in Lisbon in 1582. A portrait of him by Titian is in the current palace of the Duke of Alba in Madrid, known as the Palacio degli Liria.

[Yasuhiro Fukazawa]

[References] | Egmont | Dutch War of Independence | Charles (V) | Titian | Philip (II) | Count of Hoorn

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スペインの軍人、政治家。今日も存する名門貴族アルバ家の第3代公爵。スペイン中西部アビラに生まれる。17歳のときに北部国境での対仏戦争に参加、その功を国王カルロス1世(神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世)に認められ、1546年、新教諸侯、都市を相手としたシュマルカルデン戦争を指揮、翌1547年、ミュールベルクMühlbergの戦闘に勝利して、カルロスのヨーロッパ支配に大きく貢献した。1552年にはイタリアに赴き、ナポリ総督となって(1556)、フランスの攻撃に耐え、1559年、外相としてカトー・カンブレジの和約を結んだ。1567年にフランドル総督となり、当地の反スペイン運動を抑えるため「血の裁判所」とよばれた宗教裁判所を設置、エグモント伯、ホールン伯ら一万数千人を処刑した。しかし、その圧制と重税政策は、オランダ独立戦争の端緒をつくることになり、これを回避しようとした時の国王フェリペ2世によって帰国を命ぜられ(1573)、その後宮廷からも追放された。1580年にポルトガル征服に再び起用され、勝利を博したが、王の歓心を取り戻せないまま、1582年にリスボンで死去した。ティツィアーノの筆になる肖像画が、リリーア宮殿とよばれるマドリードの現アルバ公爵邸内にある。

[深澤安博]

[参照項目] | エグモント | オランダ独立戦争 | カール(5世) | ティツィアーノ | フェリペ(2世) | ホールン伯

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