Potassium cyanide

Japanese: シアン化カリウム - しあんかかりうむ(英語表記)potassium cyanide
Potassium cyanide

A cyanide of potassium. It is commonly known as potassium cyanide or potassium cyanide. It was first synthesized in 1782 by the Swedish chemist Scheele. Today, hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid) can be produced in large quantities and at low cost by the methane-ammonia oxidation method or as a by-product in the manufacture of acrylonitrile, so it is synthesized using this. That is, an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is neutralized with hydrocyanic acid, concentrated, crystallized, and then dried.

KOH + HCN -> KCN + H2O
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is deliquescent and highly soluble in water, and also in alcohol. In an aqueous solution, it hydrolyzes and becomes strongly alkaline. It reacts with acid to produce hydrogen cyanide. If left in the air, it will absorb moisture and carbon dioxide, release hydrogen cyanide, and become potassium carbonate. It is also rapidly oxidized at high temperatures, exposed to light, or in the presence of an oxidizing agent, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place with a tightly sealed container.

It is extremely toxic because it breaks down in the body to produce hydrogen cyanide, with a lethal dose of 0.15 grams for humans. Concentrated aqueous solutions can also damage the skin, so care must be taken when handling it. If it comes into contact with the skin, it should be washed immediately and thoroughly with warm soapy water.

In the presence of air, many transition metals such as silver and gold are dissolved to form cyanide complexes, for example by the following reaction:

4Au+ 8CN- + O2 + 2H2O
―→4[Au(CN) 2 ] - +4OH -
This reaction is used in the electroplating of gold, silver, copper, and lead, and in gold refining. It is also used in the manufacture of nitriding steel when mixed with sodium cyanide, and as an analytical reagent.

[Torii Yasuo]

[References] | Cyanide poisoning [Supplementary information] | Potassium cyanide (data note)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カリウムのシアン化物。俗に青酸カリ、青化カリなどとよばれる。1782年スウェーデンの化学者シェーレによって初めて合成された。今日ではメタン‐アンモニア酸化法により、あるいはアクリロニトリル製造時の副生物としてシアン化水素酸(青酸)が多量に、しかも安価につくられるようになったので、これを用いて合成される。すなわち、水酸化カリウム水溶液をシアン化水素酸で中和し、濃縮して結晶化してから乾燥する。

  KOH+HCN―→KCN+H2O
無色結晶性固体。潮解性で水にきわめてよく溶け、アルコールにも溶ける。水溶液中では加水分解して強アルカリ性を示す。酸と反応してシアン化水素を発生する。空気中に放置すれば水分と二酸化炭素を吸収し、シアン化水素を放って炭酸カリウムとなる。また、高温や光の照射、酸化剤の存在のもとで速やかに酸化されるので、保存には冷暗所を選び、密栓しておくことが必要である。

 生体内でも分解してシアン化水素を生成するので、きわめて有毒であり、致死量は人間に対し0.15グラムである。濃水溶液も皮膚を冒すので取扱いには注意を要する。皮膚に付着したら、ただちに温せっけん水で十分に洗わなければならない。

 空気の存在下で銀、金など多くの遷移金属を溶解し、たとえば次のような反応によってシアノ錯塩をつくる。

  4Au+8CN-+O2+2H2O
  ―→4[Au(CN)2-+4OH-
この反応は金、銀、銅、鉛などの電気めっき、金の精錬に利用される。そのほか、シアン化ナトリウムと混合して窒化鋼の製造、分析試薬などに用いられる。

[鳥居泰男]

[参照項目] | 青酸中毒[補完資料] | シアン化カリウム(データノート)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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