Commenda (English spelling)

Japanese: コンメンダ（英語表記）commenda

A form of investment relationship adopted by joint ventures engaged in maritime commerce in Western European cities in the late Middle Ages. A bilateral contract was concluded between the lender (commendator) and the borrower (tractator) of capital, in which the lender made a non-functional, limited liability investment, while the borrower also invested his own capital and took the lead in the management of the company as a functional capitalist. This system was adopted in Italian cities on the Mediterranean coast in the 15th century to rationalize the general partnership (societas) form, and became common in southern German cities and Antwerp in the 15th and 16th centuries, where the societas and commenda were gradually combined to develop into the magna societas form of limited partnership.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中世末期の西ヨーロッパ諸都市で海上商業を営む共同出資企業で採用された出資関係の形態。資本の貸主 (コンメンダトール) と借主 (トラクタトール) とが双務契約を結び，貸主は無機能の有限責任的な出資を行い，借主は自身でも出資すると同時に機能資本家として企業経営の主導権を握った。この制度は 15世紀に地中海沿岸イタリア諸都市で合名会社 (ソキエタス) 形態を合理化するために採用され，15～16世紀の南ドイツ諸都市やアントウェルペンで一般化し，次第にソキエタスとコンメンダが結合されて合資会社 (マグナ・ソキエタス) 形態に発展した。

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