A vertical member that supports the load of roofs, floors, beams, etc. and transmits it to the foundation. A column that stands alone is called an independent column, and a column that is integrated with the wall is called a wall-mounted column. Depending on the ratio of the member's length to its cross-sectional area, they can also be classified as long columns or short columns. There are two types of building structures: masonry and frame construction. The former are primarily constructed of walls, such as stone, brick, or concrete block construction. The latter is a method of using slender members as a framework to maintain robustness against external forces such as earthquakes and wind, or the weight of the building itself. In this frame construction method, columns play an important role along with beams. In Japanese architecture, wood was plentiful but stone was scarce, so frame construction wooden buildings were the norm, and columns played a great role. In modern Japan, wooden pillars are still widely used, but due to resource depletion, the proportion of imported timber is increasing instead of traditional Japanese cedar and cypress. There are also calls for a shift to steel-frame and concrete construction. [Jin Nakamura] FolkloreThe main pillar is the most respected part of the house, and it is customary to use a large, thick piece of zelkova wood and decorate it with New Year's pine trees and rice cake flowers. This is because the main pillar is the center of the house, and the meaning is understood by the owner of the house, so it has been used in other ways, such as ``losing the main pillar.'' In Kanagawa Prefecture, the ceremony to raise the roof is called ``pillar setting,'' and before the rice cake throwing ceremony, the master carpenter throws particularly large rice cakes at the pillars at each of the four corners. In the Shizuoka Prefecture area, there is a custom called ``pillar praise,'' in which red bean porridge cooked to celebrate the move to a newly built house is offered to all the pillars in the house, starting with the main pillar. These customs are because pillars are considered sacred and are seen as the abode of the god of the house. Furthermore, coins are placed inside the four corner rice cakes, and coins or pebbles the size of a bean are placed in the red bean porridge. If people pick up the rice cakes or find a coin or pebble in their distributed porridge, they rejoice because it is their good luck, as it is believed that this is their share of the offering to the gods. In Japan's indigenous beliefs, there is a custom of praying to the gods by using natural wood or pure pillars. The Onbashira Matsuri (pillar festival) at Suwa Taisha Shrine in Nagano Prefecture is a famous example of this ritual, but the Bon Pine Pillar Festival is also one example. During Tanabata and Bon, a pillar twice the height of a person is made of brush grass in a public space, and a gohei (sacred wand) or sakaki (a Japanese holly tree) is inserted into the top of the pillar and lit on fire. The fastest the fire burns determines the winner, and it is sometimes used to tell the year's fortune. In ground-breaking ceremonies, new soil is piled up and a pure pillar is erected as the center of the festival, in order to welcome the gods and pray there. [Osamu Takano] [Reference Item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
屋根や床、梁(はり)などの荷重を支え、基礎に伝える垂直な材。単独に立つ柱を独立柱、壁面と一体になっている柱を壁付き柱という。部材の長さと断面積の割合で、長柱(ちょうちゅう)、短柱(たんちゅう)に区別することもある。 建築物の構造には組積式と架構式がある。前者は、石造、れんが造、コンクリートブロック造のように壁を主にしてつくられる。後者は、地震や風による外力、あるいは建物自身の重みに対して細長い材を架構して堅牢(けんろう)性を保つ方式である。この架構式で、柱は梁とともに重要な役割を果たしている。日本建築においては、木材が豊富で石材が乏しかったため、建築物は架構式の木造が主流であり、柱のもつ重要性は大きかった。 現代の日本では、木材の柱が依然として多く用いられているが、資源の枯渇から、従来の日本産スギ、ヒノキのかわりに輸入材の比率が高まっている。鉄骨造やコンクリート造への移行も叫ばれている。 [中村 仁] 民俗大黒柱は家の中でもっとも尊重され、とくに大きく太いケヤキ材などを使い、正月のマツも餅花(もちばな)もここに飾る風習がある。それは大黒柱が家の中心をなすためで、その意味は主人にも通じて、「大黒柱を失う」などと転用されている。神奈川県では上棟(じょうとう)式を「柱立て」と称し、餅投げに先だって大工の棟梁(とうりょう)が四方の隅の柱に向かってひときわ大きくこしらえた四隅餅を投げたり、静岡県一帯で「柱ほめ」と称して、新築の家への引き移りの祝いに炊く小豆粥(あずきがゆ)を、まず大黒柱から始めて家の柱全部に供えるなどの習俗は、柱を神聖視し、家の神の依(よ)る所とみたためである。なお、四隅餅の中には硬貨を入れ、小豆粥の中には銭や豆ほどの小石を入れておいて、その餅を拾ったり、分配された粥の中に銭や小石が入っていると、運がいいと喜ぶのは、神供(じんく)の分け前であるという心持ちだからである。 日本の固有信仰では、自然木あるいは清浄な柱をもって神の来臨を仰ぐ習わしがあり、その神事としては長野県諏訪(すわ)大社の御柱祭(おんばしらまつり)が有名であるが、盆の柱松行事もそれで、七夕(たなばた)や盆のときに、広場に身の丈に倍する高さの、二抱えほどの太さの柱を柴草(しばくさ)でつくり立て、その頂上に御幣(ごへい)やサカキを挿し、これに点火する習俗がある。その火の早く燃え付く度合いを計って勝敗を争い、年占(としうら)とすることもある。また地鎮祭に新しい土を盛り、清浄な柱を立てて地祭りの中心とするのも、そこに神を迎え祈るためである。 [高野 修] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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