Time

Japanese: 時 - とき

〘noun〙 A scale for arranging perceived things. It is thought to flow and change forever, without stopping or going back, from past to present to future, and together with space, it is the most basic form of cognition. It is perceived through the changes and movements of things, and is generally expressed in units such as years, months, days, hours, minutes, and seconds. [1] A word referring to the flow of time. Time. Time. ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 3/469 "Flowers bloom in the place where my sister looked, time passes, my tears have not yet dried" ※Zappai, Yanagi Taru-24 (1791) "Time passes, time comes, and it comes" [2] A point in a day or night indicated by an objectively determined time system (units and scales). Time systems change over the ages, but broadly speaking, there are fixed time systems and indefinite time systems, and there are many types of each, and up until the early Meiji period, multiple time systems were always used within the same era. Time. Shinkoku (the hour of the dragon) . Time limit. ① A point in time indicated in any time system. ※The Chronicles (720), Saimei 6th year, May (Kitano Honin) "The Crown Prince also made the Toki no Kisami for the first time. The people knew the time and used it." ※Yougaku Dokuhon (1887), <Nishimura Tei> 2 "Money is made to know the time." ② = Koku (hour) (2) ① (I) ・ ② (I) ※Dosa (around 935), Shohei 4th year, December 21 "The time of that year is so short that it is the time of a single day." [3] Refers to a part of the flow of time, or a single point. ① A point in time that is recognized in response to the occurrence of a specific thing or the progression of an event. A point in time. ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 11.2641 "When I count the number of drums struck by the timekeeper , it is not the hour of the dragon, and I wonder if we will not meet." ※Tombo ( around 974) part "I pushed the door open and counted my thoughts, and the time came when the four shells of the mountain temple were about to fall." ② Era. Year. World. ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 13.3290 "I have not forgotten how we met since the time of the gods long ago." ※Genji (around 1001-14) Kiritsubo "In some era, many consorts and ladies-in-waiting served as concubines." ③ Time. Season. Time of year. ※The Chronicles (720), Jitō 6th Year, March (Kitano Honin) “During the time of farming , chariots should not yet be moved.”※Kaichouon (1905)〈Ueda Bin Translation〉Spring Morning “It is spring, the sun is early in the morning, it is seven o’clock in the morning, and dew is falling on Kataoka.”④ That point in time. Present. Present. ※Records of the Creation of the Bronze Yakushi Buddha (owned by Hōryū-ji Temple) - Year of the Ding Mao (607) “When Ikebe _{no Omiya} was _reigning , the Emperor bestowed his labors upon him, in the year of Heiwa.”※Jikmon Saihisho (1383) “Therefore, renga is a kind of poetry. One should simply admire the way people play around at that time.”[4] Refers to the right time, the right opportunity, etc. ① (also written as “aki”) The right time. The right timing. Just at that time. Also, the time or season when it is necessary to do so. ※Kojiki (712), preface: "The time of heaven had not yet come. " ※Garden Party (1902), Kunikida Doppo, 2: "He came up with another plan and waited for the right time to come." ② A time of prosperity when the times are favorable. A time of great momentum. ※ Man'yoshu (late 8th century), 7.1286: "I will pluck the grass of the Kuze shrine in Yamashiro. Even if my time prospers, I will pluck the grass." ※Kokin (905-914), Zōge, 967, inscription: "I saw a man whose time had come suddenly run out and lamented." ③ In Onmyōdō, a suitable date and time to do something. An auspicious day on the calendar. ※Genji (c. 1001-14) Aoi "If today was a good day, in the past, the calendar expert would have been called and the time would have been set." ④ A regular service (gongyō) performed in esoteric Buddhism such as Tendai and Shingon. A time-based ritual (zuhō) . → ji. ※Ben no Naishi (c. 1278) May, first year of Kenchō, "The pilgrimage was to be completed on the 27th, but the Emperor was on a journey that night, so the time of dawn was raised." ⑤ A Buddhist meal. → toki (temporary). [5] Used as a formal noun following a conjunction modifier phrase that describes an action or state. ① It expresses the meaning of "when it is done so" or "when it is in that state." When it follows a following sentence, it also functions like a conjunction particle. When. As much as. At the time. ※Kojiki (712) Vol. 1, Song: "The bird in the ocean, looking at its chest , the Japanese crested ibis , clapping its wings , should not be allowed to fall off. " ※Tsurezuregusa (around 1331) 142: "When a person does not produce a regular product, he has no regular mind." ② In the form "When doing..., he does..." it takes the same verb. (i) (After a verb of intentional action) It means that he does not usually do the action much, but when he does, he concentrates more than the average person. "Even though he looks like that, he studies when it's time to study." (ii) (After a verb of unintentional action) It means that he does... fully, regardless of the influence of those around him. "If it's just a cold, it will get better when it's time to get better without taking medicine." [6] It refers to tense. It is often used in the form of "grammatical time" or "verb time." [Glossary] The main time systems are as follows: (1) In the Ritsuryo period, the water clock under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Onmyoryo was used to measure time, and drums and bells were used to tell the time. In the fixed time system, a day and night were divided into 12 zodiac hours, which were then assigned to the 12 Chinese zodiac signs . At midnight ( Shoshi) , the drum was struck nine times at the hour of the Rat, eight times at the hour of the Ox , seven times at the hour of the Tiger , and the number of strikes was reduced by one for each subsequent hour, until the hour of the Snake, when it was struck four times. At midday ( noon ), the drum was struck nine times at the hour of the Horse , and the number of strikes was reduced by one for each subsequent hour, until the hour of the Boar, when it was struck four times. In addition, it was also called "nine times" or " four times" according to the number of strikes on the drum.
(2) In the Edo period, a temporary time system based on sunrise and sunset was widely used, and the daytime from dawn (6:00 a.m.) to dusk (6:00 p.m.) and the nighttime from dusk to dawn were each divided into six equal parts. As a result, the length of one dragon hour was not fixed depending on the season and the day and night. The hours were called the same as in the previous era, from nine and a half to four and a half. In addition, one night was divided into five parts: the first watch (dog), the second watch (boi), the third watch (rat), the fourth watch (ushi), and the fifth watch (tora) , or they were also called the first night, the second night , the third night, the third night , the fourth night, and the fifth night .
(3) After the calendar reform in 1873 , mean solar time was used, and a day was divided into 24 equal parts. However, to avoid the date changing during the day, civil time was adopted, which counts from midnight, 12 hours earlier than astronomical time, which defines the time when the mean sun crosses the meridian at the observation site as midnight, and generally divides the 24 hours into 12 hours in the morning and 12 hours in the afternoon.

Ji [time]

[1] [noun] ① time. ※Nippo Jisho (1603-04) “Ii (ji) . toki” ② Around that time. An opportunity. ③ A specific time. In particular, it refers to the time of Buddhist devotions , or the devotion itself. ※Noin’s Makura (end of the 10th century) 319 “After a little incantation, I should have prayed for a while, but it was time.” ④ In particular, in Buddhism, it refers to the time when something that causes the temporal distinction of the three worlds is hypothetically established. The Sanskrit word is kāla (迦羅), which is to be distinguished from samaya (三間谷). [Mahaprajnaparamita-I] [2] [suffix] ① The six times of the day and night, which are morning, midday , sunset, first night, middle night, and last night. Also, it is divided into two parts for morning and evening, and called 2 o'clock. ※Genji (around 1001-14), Akashi "At the service of six o'clock in the day and night, I make a wish on the lotus tree." ② A unit of time. One of the twenty-four parts of a day and night. Sixty minutes. In the old days, one of the twelve parts of a day and night. In the early Meiji period, it was often written as "ji." ※Goyudonojo Nikki - Bunmei 13 (1481), February 23rd "I visited the Imperial Palace on the ninth day of the month, <omitted> and returned home at seven o'clock without any evening slackness." ※Seiyo Dochu Hizakurige (1870-76), <Kanagaki Robun>, 6 "If measured by clock, it is four characters and three minutes." [Shuli - Autumn official, Shisho-shi]

doki [time]

〘Mottome〙 (applied to nouns and similar words) 1. Expresses the meaning of time, duration, or season. For example, "dawn," "noon," "four hours," or "nowadays." 2. Expresses the meaning of the best or most convenient time or season for carrying out the action represented by the word preceding it. For example, "hikedoki" (at the crack of dawn) or "flower-viewing time."

Sada [Time]

〘Noun〙① Time. Opportunity. →Sadasugu. ② The age when men and women are in their prime. Middle age. Old age. →Sadasugu.

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙知覚された事物を配列する尺度の一つ。過去・現在・未来と連続して、止まることなく戻ることなく、永遠に流れ移ってゆくと考えられ、空間と共に認識の最も基本的な形式をなすもの。物事の変化・運動を通して感知され、一般には年・月・日・時・分・秒などの単位を用いて表わされる。[一] 時間の流れをさしていうことば。時間。光陰。※万葉（８Ｃ後）三・四六九「妹が見しやどに花咲き時は経ぬ吾(わ)が泣く涙いまだ干なくに」※雑俳・柳多留‐二四（1791）「時過ぎ時きたりよふよふと来る」[二] 客観的に定められた時法（単位と尺度）によって示される一昼夜のうちの一時点。時法には時代によって変遷があるが、大別して定時法と不定時法とがあり、そのそれぞれにまた多くの種類があって、明治初期までは同じ時代にも複数の時法が行なわれるのがつねであった。時刻。辰刻(しんこく)。刻限。① ひろく、いずれかの時法で示される一時点。※書紀（720）斉明六年五月（北野本訓）「又皇太子、初めて漏剋(トキのきさみ)を造る。民をして時(とき)を知ら使む」※幼学読本（1887）〈西邨貞〉二「かねはときをしらするためにつく」② ＝こく（刻）(二)①(イ)・②(イ)※土左（935頃）承平四年一二月二一日「それのとしのしはすのはつかあまりひとひのひのいぬのときにかどです」[三] 時間の流れの一部分、または一点をさしていう。① 特定の事物の生起・事象の推移などに対応して意識される時間の一点。時点。※万葉（８Ｃ後）一一・二六四一「時守(ときもり)の打ち鳴(な)す鼓数(よ)み見れば辰(とき)にはなりぬ逢はなくもあやし」※蜻蛉（974頃）中「戸おしあけて、念数するほどに、時は、山寺、わざの貝、四つふくほどになりにたり」② 時代。年代。世。※万葉（８Ｃ後）一三・三二九〇「いにしへの神の時より逢ひけらし今の心も常忘らえず」※源氏（1001‐14頃）桐壺「いづれの御時にか女御更衣あまたさぶらひ給けるなかに」③ 時節。季節。時候。※書紀（720）持統六年三月（北野本訓）「農作(なりはひ)の節(とき)車駕(きみ)未だ以て動きたまふ可からず」※海潮音（1905）〈上田敏訳〉春の朝「時は春、日は朝(あした)、朝は七時、片岡に露みちて」④ その時点。現在。当座。※金銅薬師仏造像記（法隆寺所蔵）‐丁卯年（607か）「池辺大宮治_二天下_一天皇大御身労賜時、歳次丙午年」※十問最秘抄（1383）「されば連歌は歌などにかはる事也。只其の時に人のもてあそぶ風体を賞すべし」[四] 順当な時機、然るべき機会などをさしていう。① (「秋」とも書く) ふさわしい時期。時宜。ちょうどその時。また、そうしなくてはならない時期、時間。※古事記（712）序「天の時(とき)未だ臻(いた)らずして」※園遊会（1902）〈国木田独歩〉二「更に一策を案出して時(トキ)こそ来(きた)れと待ち受けて居た」② 時運にめぐまれ栄えている時期。勢い盛んな時代。得意な時。※万葉（８Ｃ後）七・一二八六「山城の久世の社の草な手折りそわが時と立ち栄ゆとも草な手折りそ」※古今（905‐914）雑下・九六七・詞書「時なりける人の、にはかに時なくなりてなげくをみて」③ 陰陽道で、何か事を行なうに適当な日時。暦の吉日。※源氏（1001‐14頃）葵「今日はよき日ならむかしとて、暦のはかせ召して、ときとはせなどし給ほどに」④ 天台・真言などの密教で行なう、定時の勤行(ごんぎょう)。時の修法(ずほう)。→時(じ)。※弁内侍（1278頃）建長元年五月「二十七日結願なるべきを、その夜行幸にて侍しかば、暁の御ときをひきあげて」⑤ 仏教での食事。→とき（斎）。[五] 行為や状態を表わす連体修飾句を受け、形式名詞として用いる。① そうする場合、そういう状態である場合、の意を表わす。後の文に続く場合、接続助詞のようなはたらきを兼ねる。場合。ほど。折。※古事記（712）上・歌謡「沖つ鳥胸見る登岐(トキ) 羽(は)叩(たた)ぎもこれは相応(ふさ)はず」※徒然草（1331頃）一四二「人、恒の産なきときは、恒の心なし」② 「…するときには…する」の形で同じ動詞を受ける。(イ) (意図的動作の動詞を受けて) 普段はその動作をあまりしないが、し出すと普通の人以上に集中的にする、の意を表わす。「彼はああは見えても勉強するときには勉強する」(ロ) (非意図的動作の動詞を受けて) まわりからの働きかけとは無関係に十分…する、の意を表わす。「ただの風邪なら薬など飲まなくても治るときには治る」[六] 時制(じせい)のこと。多く「文法上の時」「動詞の時」などの形で用いられる。[語誌]時法の主なものを挙げると(1)律令時代には陰陽寮所管の漏刻（水時計）を用いて時を計り、鼓や鐘を打って時を告げることが行なわれた。定時法で一昼夜を十二辰刻(しんこく)に分け、それを十二支に配して表わした。真夜中（正子(しょうし)）が子(ね)の刻で鼓を九回打ち、丑(うし)の刻に八回、寅(とら)の刻に七回、以下一辰刻ごとに打数を一回ずつ減らして、巳(み)の刻に四回打つ。真昼（正午）は午(うま)の刻で鼓の打数は再び九回にもどり、以下同様に一回ずつ減らして亥(い)の刻に四回打つ時法であった。なお、鼓の打数に合わせて、九つ…四つとも呼んだ。
(2)江戸時代には日の出・日没を基準にした不定時法が広く用いられ、夜明け（明け六つ）から日暮れ（暮れ六つ）までの昼間と、日暮れから夜明けまでの夜間とを各六等分した。このため四季によりまた昼夜により、一辰刻の時間は一定でない。時刻の呼び方は前代と同様で、九つ・九つ半から四つ・四つ半まで。また、一夜を初更（戌）・二更（亥）・三更（子）・四更（丑）・五更（寅）と五分し、または甲夜(こうや)・乙夜(いつや)・丙夜(へいや)・丁夜(ていや)・戊夜(ぼや)と呼ぶ別称もある。
(3)明治六年（一八七三）改暦以後は平均太陽時を用い、一日を二十四等分するが、日付が昼間に変わることを避けて、平均太陽が観測地の子午線を通過する時刻を零時とする天文時より一二時間早い真夜中を零時として起算する常用時が採用され、一般には二四時を午前・午後の各一二時に分けて呼ぶ。

じ【時】

[1] 〘名〙① とき。時刻。※日葡辞書（1603‐04）「Ii(ジ)。トキ」② その頃。機会。おり。③ ある特定の時刻。特に、仏道の勤行(ごんぎょう)の時刻、またその勤行をいう。※能因本枕（１０Ｃ終）三一九「加持すこしして〈略〉しばしさぶらふべきを、時のほどにもなり侍りぬべければ」④ 特に仏教で、存在をして三世の時間的差別を生じさせるものを仮に立てるときの時をいう。その梵語は kāla （迦羅）で、samaya （三摩耶）と区別する。〔大智度論‐一〕[2] 〘接尾〙① 一昼夜を六分した、晨朝(しんちょう)・日中・日没・初夜・中夜・後夜の六時。また朝夕に二分して二時という。※源氏（1001‐14頃）明石「昼夜の六時のつとめに、みづからの蓮の上の願ひをば」② 時間の単位。一昼夜を二十四分したものの一つ。六〇分。古くは一昼夜を十二分したものの一つ。明治初期には「字」を当てることが多かった。※御湯殿上日記‐文明一三年（1481）二月二三日「あか月九のはんしほとに御まいりにて、〈略〉七時に夕かたのくこともおなしくまいる」※西洋道中膝栗毛（1870‐76）〈仮名垣魯文〉六「時計ではかれば四字三ミニウト斗りなる」〔周礼‐秋官・司寤氏〕