When a wave strikes a tiny particle, it generates a spherical wave centered on that particle (scatterer), and the wavefront spreads out toward the surroundings. This is called wave scattering. When a light wave strikes an atom, the oscillating electric field of the light wave forces the electrons in the atom to vibrate. The spherical electromagnetic wave that the vibrating electrons emit into the surroundings is the scattered light wave. The intensity of scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of light. Blue light has a wavelength about 1.4 times shorter than red light, so blue light is scattered about four times stronger than red light. The sky appears blue because the blue light contained in the white light from the sun is strongly scattered by the air surrounding the earth, and this scattered light reaches the ground. When light is scattered, the light traveling in a straight line becomes weaker. This is called diffuse absorption. The reason why the morning sun and the evening sun appear red is because the blue light contained in the white light is mainly scattered and absorbed, while the red light passes through the air without being scattered and absorbed much. Scattering of matter waves such as X-ray waves, electrons, and neutrons is widely used in atomic physics and diffraction crystallography. [Yoshiro Kainuma] weatherIn general, scattering varies depending on the ratio of the diameter of the scattering particle to the wavelength of light, and when this ratio is less than one-tenth, it is called Rayleigh scattering. Scattering by debris that is relatively large compared to the wavelength of light is quite different from Rayleigh scattering. In this case, the scattering is called Mie scattering. This is the case for scattering of sunlight by debris in the atmosphere and cloud particles. In Mie scattering, as the diameter of the particles increases, the light scattered forward becomes stronger than the sideways. The scattered light is strongest when the diameter of the particles is about the same as the wavelength of light. In many cases, the wavelength of the scattered light is the same as the wavelength of the incident light, but sometimes light with a wavelength that is shifted by an amount specific to the material is mixed into the scattered light. This phenomenon is called Raman scattering (effect). [Masaji Ota] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
波が微小な粒子に当たると、その粒子(散乱体)を中心とする球面波を生じ、その波面が周囲に向かって広がる。これを波の散乱という。光波が原子に当たると、光波の振動電場が原子内の電子を強制的に振動させる。振動する電子がその周囲に放つ電磁波の球面波が散乱光波である。 散乱光(散光)の強度は、光の波長の4乗に逆比例する。青の光は赤の光の約1.4分の1の波長をもつので、青の光は赤の光の約4倍だけ強く散乱される。空が青く見えるのは、太陽からくる白色光に含まれる青の光が地球の周囲の空気層によって強く散乱され、この散乱光が地上に到達するからである。光が散乱されると、直進する光はそれだけ弱くなる。これを散乱吸収という。朝日や夕日が赤く見えるのは、白色光に含まれる青の光が主として散乱吸収され、赤の光はあまり散乱吸収されずに空気層を通過するためである。原子物理学や回折結晶学においては、X線波や電子・中性子などの物質波の散乱が広く利用されている。 [飼沼芳郎] 気象一般に散乱は、散乱粒子の直径と光の波長の比の大きさによって様相が異なり、その比が10分の1程度以下の場合はレイリー散乱とよばれている。光の波長に対して比較的大きいごみなどによる散乱は、レイリー散乱とはかなり異なったものとなる。この場合の散乱をミー散乱とよぶ。大気中のごみや雲粒などによる太陽光の散乱はこれにあたる。ミー散乱では、微粒子の直径が大きくなるにつれて横方向よりも前方向への散乱光が強くなる。微粒子の直径が光の波長と同程度になると散光はもっとも強くなる。多くの場合散光の波長は入射光の波長と同じであるが、ときにはその物質に特有な量だけずれた波長の光が散光の中に混じることがある。この現象をラマン散乱(効果)という。 [大田正次] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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