March Revolution - Santsukumei

Japanese: 三月革命 - さんがつかくめい

A civil revolution that occurred in various parts of Germany in March 1848 under the influence of the February Revolution in France. It can also refer to the entire revolutionary movement in Germany from 1848 to 1849. In recent years, it is also called the 1848 Revolution or the 1848 Revolution, which is a collective term for the revolutionary struggles that occurred almost simultaneously in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and other countries. It occurred against the backdrop of growing opposition to the restorationist and patriotistic Vienna system promoted by Metternich after the Congress of Vienna, dissatisfaction with the proletariat that was born after the Industrial Revolution, and a desire for national liberation. In Vienna, Austria, students, citizens, and workers rose up in revolt on March 13, Metternich was overthrown and fled to England, and a new draft constitution was announced in April. In Prussia, citizens and workers rose up in Berlin on March 18, the liberal Camphausen cabinet was formed, a national assembly was established, and a new draft constitution was announced. New governments were also established in other German states, and in May the Frankfurt National Assembly was established and discussed German unification. However, the German middle class at the time did not have the power to carry out a revolution, and fearing the radicalization of the masses, they were unable to take decisive action and allowed the conservatives to rise to power. A counter-revolution occurred in Vienna in October of the same year, and in Berlin in November. Radical uprisings that occurred in the Rhine and in various parts of southwestern Germany in May 1849 were also suppressed by the Prussian army, and the Frankfurt National Assembly was dissolved in June, resulting in the failure of the revolution. Meanwhile, national movements calling for independence and self-government arose in the Czech Republic and Hungary, which were under Austrian rule. However, the Czech uprising was suppressed within two months, and in Hungary, independence was declared in April 1849 under the command of Kossuth, but was suppressed in September with the intervention of the Russian army. Marx, who had published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, returned from his exile in England after the outbreak of the revolution and published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne together with Engels. His activities in this revolution led to the establishment of his communist ideology. Although the revolution itself ended in failure, it became the starting point for subsequent 20th century revolutions because workers and peasants actively launched a movement.
→ Related topics Kamphausen | Semper | Greater Germanism | Germany | Bismarck | Biedermeier | Friedrich Wilhelm [IV] | Liebknecht | Rothbert | Weidling | Wagner

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

フランスの二月革命の影響の下に1848年３月ドイツ各地に起こった市民革命。1848年―1849年のドイツの革命運動全体をさすこともある。近年は，ドイツのほかオーストリア，チェコ，ハンガリーなどでほぼ同時に起きた革命闘争を総称して1848年革命あるいは48年革命とも呼ぶ。メッテルニヒが推し進めてきたウィーン会議以降の復古的保主主義的なウィーン体制に対する反発，産業革命後に誕生したプロレタリアートの不満，民族解放への希求などの高まりを背景として起こった。オーストリアのウィーンでは３月13日学生，市民，労働者らが蜂起，メッテルニヒは失脚して英国に亡命，４月には新憲法草案が発表された。プロイセンでも３月18日ベルリンで市民，労働者が蜂起，自由主義的なカンプハウゼン内閣が成立し，国民議会が発足，新憲法草案が発表された。その他のドイツ諸邦でも新政権が樹立され，５月にはフランクフルト国民議会が成立してドイツ統一を討議した。しかし，当時のドイツ市民階級には革命を遂行するだけの実力がなく，また大衆の急進化を恐れて決定的な行動に出ることができぬまま保守派の台頭を許した。同年10月にはウィーン，11月にはベルリンで反革命が行われ，1849年５月ライン，南西ドイツ各地で起こった急進派の蜂起もプロイセン軍に鎮圧され，フランクフルト国民議会も６月に消滅して革命は失敗に終わった。一方，オーストリア支配下にあったチェコ，ハンガリーでは独立自治を求める民族運動が起きた。しかし，チェコの蜂起は２ヵ月で鎮圧され，ハンガリーではコッシュートの指揮下に1849年４月独立を宣言したが，ロシア軍の介入もあって９月鎮圧された。　1848年２月に《共産党宣言》を発表していたマルクスは革命勃発後，亡命地英国から戻り，エンゲルスとともにケルンで《新ライン新聞》を発行，この革命での活動は，その共産主義思想の確立につながった。革命自体は失敗に終わったが，労働者，農民が積極的に運動を展開したという点で，この革命はその後の20世紀的革命の出発点となった。
→関連項目カンプハウゼン｜ゼンパー｜大ドイツ主義｜ドイツ｜ビスマルク｜ビーダーマイヤー｜フリードリヒ・ウィルヘルム［４世］｜リープクネヒト｜ロートベルトゥス｜ワイトリング｜ワーグナー

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