Kakiuchi - Kaito

Depending on the region, Kakiuchi is also called Kate, Kaichi, Kaitsu, Kakiuchi, Kakinai, Kakuchi, etc., and as a word it is now distributed almost throughout the country. In addition to the kanji Kakiuchi, various ateji characters such as Kaito and Kaido are used.

[1] The meaning of "Kakiuchi" varies widely and complexly throughout the country, but it can be roughly categorized as follows: (1) a regional bond, (2) a village's shared forestland, (3) a group of people of the same race, (4) the name of a part of a house, (5) a plot of house grounds, (6) a house name, (7) a block of farmland divided into sections, (8) a plot of wilderness, (9) the name of a local district. The question is how and why the meaning of "Kakiuchi," which is thought to have been the same in ancient times, has diversified in this way in various places.

[2] When "Kakiuchi" is used as a proper noun, it is usually given various names. These names can be roughly divided into the following seven types: (1) Those that include the name of a direction, such as Higashi-Kakiuchi, Kami-Kakiuchi, etc. (2) Those that indicate a geographical feature, such as Tanigakiuchi, Haragakiuchi, etc. (3) Those that include the name of a tree, such as Kuri-Kakiuchi, Kakinoki-Kakiuchi, etc. (4) Those that include a person's name, such as Hei-Shichi-Kakiuchi, Den-Go-Rou-Kakiuchi, etc. (5) Those that include an occupation, such as Kaji-Kakiuchi, Kou-Ya-Kakiuchi, etc. (6) Those that indicate a connection to a shrine or temple, such as Miya-Kakiuchi, Tera-Kakiuchi, etc. (7) Others, such as Hyaku-Kakiuchi, Muji-Nagauchi, etc., which are difficult to understand in meaning. The names given to the Kakiuchi allow us to infer the motive behind the naming, and are useful clues in considering the characteristics of the Kakiuchi.

[3] If we classify all the fences in Japan according to their topographical location, we find the following three types: (1) Flatland fences distributed on the plains. (2) Mountain fences distributed at the foot of the mountains. (3) Mountain fences distributed among the mountains. There must have been a sequence in the development of these three types.

Comparing the kakiuchi in various regions, one notices that in the olden days, kakiuchi was a privilege. This can be inferred from the existence of kakiuchi bearing personal and occupational names. The personal names indicate the founders of the kakiuchi, and the occupational names indicate the circumstances under which they were given the kakiuchi and settled in the village. The original form of the kakiuchi is assumed to have been a newly reclaimed plot that surrounded cultivated land and associated grassland (for collecting green manure and as a site to be cultivated in the future). It then moved to a private kakiuchi that included a residence, via the medium of a field hut (dezukuri hut). In this way, the kakiuchi that became a residence expanded on the one hand to the same clan kakiuchi, neighborhood kakiuchi, and even village kakiuchi, while on the other hand it is thought to have been subdivided to the extent that traces remain as part of the name of the residence, or the name of the family, or even as a simple place name. In the Kumano Mountains of Wakayama Prefecture, there are many private fences that are still occupied by a single household, or that were occupied by a single household until recently. There are also cases where private fences have expanded to include several households, forming neighborhood fences or clan fences. The process of the establishment and transformation of fences is very similar to the development of manors in the Middle Ages, although there are differences in size. The relationship between the two is an interesting issue that could lead to collaboration between folklore and history. If fences are considered to be a form of development from a certain period, their relationship with the jori system becomes an issue, but at the very least, it can be said that the origins of fences were not based on the jori system or occurred after the jori system, but rather had a long history that already existed before the jori system was implemented. Kunio Yanagita has suggested that the Japanese name for manors written in kanji may have originally been kakitsu or kakiuchi, but the following questions remain: why was it necessary to distinguish between the two? Also, what were the circumstances that allowed kakiuchi to continue to exist as kakiuchi, separate from manors?

[Naoe Koji]

"The Story of Kakiuchi" (included in the "Definitive Collection of Yanagita Kunio 29", 1964, Chikuma Shobo) "Naoe Koji, "Study of Kakiuchi 1 and 2" (included in the "Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Tokyo University of Education", 1958, 60)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

垣内は地方によって、ケート、カイチ、カイツ、カキウチ、カキナイ、カクチなどともよばれ、ことばとしては現在ほぼ全国にわたって分布している。また、垣内という漢字をあてるほかに、海渡、街道などさまざまな当て字が行われている。

〔1〕垣内の意味する内容は、全国を通じてみればきわめて複雑多岐にわたっているが、およそ次のように類別できる。(1)地域結合、(2)集落の共有山林、(3)同族集団、(4)屋敷の一部名、(5)一区画の屋敷地、(6)屋号、(7)区画された一団の耕地、(8)一区画の原野、(9)地字(ちあざ)名。古くは一つであったと思われる垣内の意味が、各地でこのように分化してきた道筋と理由が問題になる。

〔2〕垣内が固有名詞として用いられる場合、通例その上に種々の名を冠してよんでいる。その呼び名は、ほぼ次の7通りに分けられる。(1)方角名を冠するもの。東垣内、上(かみ)垣内など。(2)地形を示すもの。谷垣内、原垣内など。(3)樹木名を冠するもの。栗(くり)垣内、柿木(かきのき)垣内など。(4)人名を冠するもの。平七垣内、伝五郎垣内など。(5)職業名を冠するもの。鍛冶(かじ)垣内、紺屋(こうや)垣内など。(6)社寺関係を示すもの。宮垣内、寺垣内など。(7)その他。百垣内、むじな垣内など意味のとりにくいもの。垣内に冠せられた名称によって、命名の動機をうかがうことができ、垣内の性格を考えるうえに有効な手掛りとなる。

〔3〕全国の垣内をその地形的な位置によって分類すると、次の三つの形態になる。(1)平野に分布する平地垣内。(2)山麓(さんろく)に分布する山麓垣内。(3)山間に分布する山間垣内。この三つの形態にも発達の順序があったはずである。

　各地の垣内を比較して気のつくことは、古くは垣内が一つの特権であったらしいということである。個人名および職業名を冠する垣内の存在が、このことを推測させる。人名は垣内の創始者であり、職業名は彼らに垣内を与えて村に定住させた事情を示すものであろう。垣内の原初形態は、耕地ならびに付属草地（緑肥採取のため、また将来の開墾予定地として）を囲んだ新開墾の一区画にあったと推測される。それが出作(でづくり)小屋としての田屋(たや)を媒介として、住居を内包した個人垣内に移った。このように屋敷化した垣内は、一方において同族垣内あるいは隣保垣内さらには集落垣内へと拡大の方向をたどるとともに、他方では屋敷の一部名あるいは屋号、さらに単なる地字名として痕跡(こんせき)をとどめる程度にまで細分化する方向をたどったものと考えられる。和歌山県熊野山地には、現在でも一戸で占めているか、最近まで一戸で占めていた個人垣内の形態が多くみられる。また個人垣内が拡大して、数戸によって占められる隣保垣内や同族垣内の事例も認められる。垣内の成立と変貌(へんぼう)の過程は、大小の差こそあれ、中世の荘園(しょうえん)の発達とよく似ている。両者がどのような関連にあるかは、民俗学と史学との提携が期待される興味ある問題である。垣内をある時期からの開拓様式と考えた場合、条里制との関係が問題になってくるが、少なくとも垣内の起源は、条里制に基づく、あるいは条里制以後のものではなく、条里制施行以前にすでに長い歴史を背負っていたということができよう。柳田国男(やなぎたくにお)は、荘園という漢字の日本名が、もとはカキツまたは垣内であったかもしれないという説を示しているが、なぜに両者を呼び分ける必要があったのか、また荘園とは別に、垣内は垣内として存続した事情はなんであるのか、が問われるべき課題として残るであろう。

［直江広治］

『「垣内の話」（『定本柳田国男集29』所収・1964・筑摩書房）』▽『直江広治「垣内の研究　1・2」（『東京教育大学文学部紀要』所収・1958、60）』

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