Mountaineering club

Japanese: 山岳会 - さんがくかい
Mountaineering club

Groups of people who love mountain climbing. They can range from small groups of two or three people to large groups of several thousand people, and there are various types, such as national, regional, workplace or school-specific, hiking-focused, rock climbing-focused, Himalayan climbing-focused, women-only, or middle-aged and elderly-only groups. Mountain climbing activities have their limits when done individually, but going with friends is fun, and organized action is safer and allows for better activity, which is where mountain climbing clubs come into play.

The oldest international club is known as The Alpine Club in the UK, founded in 1857, followed by Italy and Switzerland in 1863, Germany in 1869, France in 1874 and Austria in 1878. The first mountaineering club (later the Japan Alpine Club) was founded in the US in 1902 and in Japan in 1905 (Meiji 38). All of these clubs promote friendship among members, conduct mountaineering research, publish journals and send out climbing teams, and in Europe and the US they are also making active efforts to build mountain huts, train guides and form rescue teams.

In Japan, until the Second World War, a few mountaineering groups, including the Japan Alpine Club, and mountaineering groups at schools and workplaces, were active, but after the Second World War, the number of local groups increased rapidly, and the general population of mountaineers also increased rapidly, resulting in many climbers who did not belong to any mountaineering club. In addition, the two groups that had previously been separate, the Japan Alpine Club, which was centered on university mountaineering clubs, and the All Japan Alpine Federation, which was for working adults, cooperated and in 1960 (Showa 35), integrating the mountaineering federations that organized many mountaineering groups in each prefecture, formed the Japan Alpine Association (now the Japan Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Association), which established an instructor system and worked to promote mountaineering education and prevent accidents. From around 1990 (Heisei 2), the number of friendly groups, mainly consisting of middle-aged and elderly women, that were not affiliated with local mountaineering federations, began to increase. In addition, the number of professional guides following the example of Europe has increased, the Japan Alpine Guides Association has been established, and there is an increase in group climbing that does not belong to mountaineering clubs, such as groups centered around mountain climbing classes and groups recruited by travel agencies for Himalayan trekking. On the other hand, while diversification has progressed, the number of accidents has also increased.

[Tokuhisa Kyuuou]

The Japan Alpine Club changed its name to the Japan Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Association in April 2017.

[Editorial Department, March 18, 2020]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

登山を愛好する人々の団体。小は2、3人から、大は数千人規模のものまであり、また全国的なもの、地域的なもの、職場・学校などに限定されるもの、ハイキング中心のもの、岩登りが多いもの、ヒマラヤ登山中心のもの、女性だけのもの、中高年だけのものなどいろいろある。登山行動は個人では限界があるが、友人とともに行くことは楽しいし、かつ組織的行動により安全で、よりよい活動ができるところに山岳会の意義があるといえよう。

 国際的にもっとも古いのが、1857年創立のイギリスのアルパイン・クラブThe Alpine Clubとよばれるもので、続いてイタリア、スイスが1863年、ドイツが1869年、フランスが1874年、オーストリアが1878年に組織された。アメリカでは1902年、日本では1905年(明治38)初めて山岳会(後の日本山岳会)が誕生している。いずれも会員相互の親交、登山の研究、機関誌の発行、登山隊の派遣などを行い、欧米では山小屋建設、ガイドの養成、遭難救助隊の結成などにも積極的な努力が行われている。

 日本においては第二次世界大戦前までは、日本山岳会ほか少数の山岳団体および学校・職場の山岳団体が活躍していたが、第二次大戦後急速に地域の団体が増加し、また一般登山人口も急増して、山岳会などに属さない登山者も多くなった。また従来、大学山岳部を中心とする日本山岳会と、社会人の全日本山岳連盟に分かれていた二つの団体が協力し、1960年(昭和35)全国の都道府県別にその県内の多くの山岳団体を組織する形の山岳連盟を統合して「日本山岳協会(現、日本山岳・スポーツクライミング協会)」が形成され、指導員制度をつくるなど、登山の啓蒙(けいもう)指導とともに遭難防止などに努めることとなった。1990年(平成2)ごろからは、地域の山岳連盟などに属さない、主として中高年女性を中心とする友好団体が増加。また、ヨーロッパに例をとった職業ガイドが増えて日本アルパインガイド協会も設立され、登山教室を中心とするグループやヒマラヤトレッキングを行う旅行社募集の団体等、山岳会に属さないグループ登山も多くなるなど、多様化が進んだ半面で、事故もまた増加している。

[徳久球雄]

 日本山岳協会は、2017年(平成29)4月に日本山岳・スポーツクライミング協会と名称変更をした。

[編集部 2020年3月18日]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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