It means "guest room" in French. (1) A social gathering held in the drawing rooms of cultured upper class ladies, especially in France, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. In France, salons have played an important role in politics and literature since the Middle Ages, but salon literature began to flourish under Italian influence in the early 17th century, at the salon of the Marquise de Rambouillet. Many salons imitated it, and some of them developed into the Académie française. Poetry, love, and morality were discussed at salons, and literary works were first exhibited at salons. The 17th century salons gave elegance and sociability to the literature of the time, but it cannot be denied that they also went too far and leaned toward vanity (→ préciosites). In the 18th century, they showed a strong ideological tendency, and Bernard Le Bobier de Fontenelle, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, and others liked to discuss politics, religion, and science, becoming a breeding ground for the Enlightenment movement (→ Enlightenment thought). Although their influence on literature has decreased since the 19th century, they still form a major background to French literature. (2) In the field of art, the term refers to a place for the display and appreciation of artworks from the 17th and 18th centuries, and later came to mean an exhibition held on a regular basis. The beginning of the salon in this sense was an exhibition of works by living artists for a certain period of time in the courtyard of the Palais Royal organized by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1667, and the first salon catalog was published in 1673. Under the reign of Louis XV, 25 exhibitions were held at the Salon Carrée of the Louvre between 1725 and 1773. These were official exhibitions in which only artists belonging to the Academies could exhibit their works. In the second half of the 18th century, salons were held in various parts of Europe, including Leipzig in Germany in 1764 and London in England in 1768. In the 19th century, salons were held almost every year, and art criticism often took the form of salon reviews. In 1881, Jules Ferry abolished government intervention in the judging of the Salon, and instead a jury of 90 people selected from among the Salon exhibitors judged the works, calling the Salon des Artistes Français (→ Exhibition of Independants). Today, the main salons held in Paris include the Salon des Tuileries (established in 1923) and Salon de Mai (established in 1945) in the spring, and the Salon d'Automne (established in 1903) in the fall. (→ French Art) salon |
フランス語で「客間」の意。 (1) 特にフランスで 17~18世紀に流行した,教養ある上流婦人の客間で催された社交的集会。フランスでは中世以来,サロンが政治や文学で重要な役割を果たしているが,イタリアの影響下にサロン文学が開花するのは 17世紀初め,ランブイエ侯爵夫人のサロンにおいてである。その後これをまねた数多くのサロンが起こり,アカデミー・フランセーズへと発展するものも現れた。サロンでは詩歌や恋愛や道徳が話題となり,文学作品もまずサロンで披露された。17世紀のサロンは当時の文学に優雅さや社交性を与えたが,行き過ぎて虚飾に傾いたことも否めない(→プレシオジテ)。18世紀になると思想的傾向を強く示すようになり,ベルナール・ル・ボビエ・ド・フォントネル,ボルテール,ドゥニ・ディドロなどが政治,宗教,科学を好んで論じ,啓蒙主義運動(→啓蒙思想)の温床となった。19世紀以後,文学に与える影響は小さくなったが,依然としてフランス文学の一大背景となっている。 (2) 美術分野で 17~18世紀の美術品の披露,鑑賞の場をさし,のち定期的に開催される展覧会をいうようになった。1667年にジャン=バティスト・コルベールの企画によって,パレ・ロワイヤルの中庭で一定期間,生存作家の作品を展観したのがこの意味でのサロンの始まりであり,最初のサロン・カタログは 1673年に出された。ルイ15世治下,1725~73年の間に,ルーブル宮殿のサロン・カレで 25回の展覧会を開催。この展覧会は,アカデミーに所属する作家のみが出品できる官展であった。18世紀後半には,1764年にドイツのライプチヒ,1768年にイギリスのロンドンなどヨーロッパ各地でサロンが開かれた。19世紀になるとほぼ毎年開催され,美術評論もサロン評という形式をとることが多かった。1881年に,ジュール・フェリーがサロンの審査に役所が介入することを廃止し,サロン出品者から選ばれた 90人の審査委員が作品審査をすることになり,サロン・デ・ザルチスト・フランセと称した(→アンデパンダン展)。今日パリで開催されるおもなサロンに,春季はサロン・デ・チュイルリー(1923創立),サロン・ド・メ(1945創立)など,秋季にはサロン・ドートンヌ(1903創立)などがある。(→フランス美術) サロン
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