Zakko - Zakko

Japanese: 雑戸 - ざっこ

During the Ritsuryo period, they were groups that belonged to specific ministries, offices, or bureaus, such as the Ministry of Finance, the Military Ministry's Zohei-shi, and the Central Ministry's Tosho-ryo, and engaged in technical work such as handicrafts. They were known to have included Baekjeko, Kanuchiko, Hakoko, Umakai, Yoroi-tsukuri, Yugitsukuri, Yagaku, and Yuge, and many of them were of immigrant descent. They mainly lived in the Kinai region, and were exempt from all or part of taxes by either serving as guards for the government office they belonged to for a certain period of the year or by paying tribute in the form of certain handicrafts. In terms of status, they were similar to ryomin, but since the heyday of the Nara period, they were opened up to ryomin, and the types of them decreased during the Heian period, and the remaining miscellaneous households became the same as farmers. (→Ritsuryo system)

Zadozoko

Please see the "Zato" page.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

律令時代，大蔵省，兵部省造兵司，中務省図書寮などのような特定の省，司，寮に属し，手工業などの技術的業務に従事した集団。百済戸，鍛戸（かぬちこ），筥戸（はここ），馬甘（うまかい），甲作（よろいつくり），靫作（ゆぎつくり），矢作，弓削（ゆげ）などのあったことが知られ，渡来人系の者も多く含まれていた。おもに畿内に居住し，1年のうち一定期間所属の官司に上番するか，特定の手工業品を貢納し，課役のすべてまたは一部を免除された。身分的には良民に準じたが，奈良時代の最盛期以来，良民への解放が行なわれ，平安時代にはその種類も減少し，残った雑戸も農民と変わらないものとなった。（→律令制）