Cassini, GD

Japanese: カッシニ,G.D. - かっしに
Cassini, GD

…He was invited to join the newly established Academie des Sciences in France, and became the first director of the newly established Paris Observatory, and became a naturalized French citizen in 1669. He achieved many accomplishments, including discovering the gap in Saturn's rings (Cassini's Division), discovering the moons of Saturn, and proposing Cassini's Law of the Moon's rotation. He also got into geodesy and began a national survey of France, which was passed down from his son to his grandson until it was completed. The second was Jacques C. (1677-1756), born in Paris. …

From the map:

In the second half of the 17th century, the center of cartography shifted to Paris, and in 1658, royal geographer N. Sanson published an atlas that made full use of the well-balanced sine-area projection (Sanson projection). The Italian astronomer G. D. Cassini, who was invited from Italy to become the director of the Paris Observatory in 1669, and his descendants made great contributions to geodesy and cartography, and his 1:86,400 map of France (182 sheets in total), completed in 1793, was a precise topographical map created by triangulation surveying, which had a major impact on subsequent official maps produced by developed countries, and ushered in the "era of large-scale maps" that continues to this day.
[India, China]
Indians were the first in Asia to conceive of a coherent world view. According to Brahmanism, at the center of the world is a circular continent called Jambudvipa, and the huge Mount Meru towering at its center blocks the light of the sun that circles above it, creating day and night on the earth. To the north and south of this mountain are three mountain ranges running east to west, with the southernmost mountain being the Himalayas (storehouse of snow).

From [Mon]

…(3) The descending node of the Moon's equator and the ascending node of the Moon's ecliptic always coincide with each other. These three laws were empirically determined from observations by the 17th-century Italian astronomer G.D. Cassini, and are known as the Cassini Laws. This first law dictates that the Moon always presents the same side to the Earth. …

From the Observatory

Astronomical observatories are facilities that use telescopes and other observational instruments to observe the celestial bodies and the universe. In addition to observations, many observatories are equipped with measurement and analytical equipment, data, and literature to conduct various types of astronomical research.
[History of the Observatory]
As shown in the history of science, astronomy is the science with the longest history, and was used for the governing needs of the state, such as providing the people with calendars and time. The history of establishing observatories to conduct astronomical observations under the authority of the state is also long. The Egyptian calendar is said to have been adopted around 4200 BCE, which means that detailed astronomical observations had been conducted in ancient Egypt before that time.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Cassini, GD" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…新たに生まれたフランスのアカデミー・デ・シアンスに招かれ,さらに新設のパリ天文台の初代台長に就任して,69年フランスに帰化した。土星の環にある間隙(カッシニの隙間),土星の衛星の発見,月の自転に関するカッシニの法則の提案などの業績を挙げ,また測地学にも手を染め,フランスの全国的測量に着手したが,これは息子から孫に受け継がれて完成されることになった。 2代目はジャックJacques C.(1677‐1756)で,パリ生れ。…

【地図】より

… 17世紀後半になると,地図学の中心はパリに移り,王室地理学者サンソンN.Sansonは1658年均整のとれた正弦正積図法(サンソン図法)を駆使した地図帳を刊行した。1669年パリ天文台長としてイタリアから招かれた天文学者G.D.カッシニとその子孫の測地学・地図学への貢献は大きく,1793年に完成した8万6400分の1フランス全域図(全182葉)は,三角測量による精密な地形図で,その後の先進諸国の官製地図に大きな影響を及ぼし,現在に続く〈大縮尺図時代〉を到来させることとなった。
[インド,中国]
 アジアにおいて早くまとまりのある世界像を構想したのはインド人で,バラモン教の説くところによれば,世界の中央にジャンブトゥビーパ(贍部洲(せんぶしゆう))と呼ばれる円形の大陸があり,その中心にそびえる巨大なメール山は,その上空を回る太陽の光を遮って地上に昼夜をつくり,この山の南北にはそれぞれ3条の東西方向の山脈があって,最南の山脈がヒマラヤ(雪の蔵)だとされている。…

【月】より

…(3)黄道面に対する月の赤道の降交点と白道の昇交点とはつねに一致している。この三つの法則は,17世紀のイタリアの天文学者G.D.カッシニによって観測結果から経験的に求められたもので,カッシニの法則と呼ばれている。この第1法則から,月は地球に対していつも同じ面を向けていることになる。…

【天文台】より

…望遠鏡はじめ諸種の観測器械を使って,天体や宇宙の観測をする施設をいう。観測のほかに,測定・解析用機器や資料,文献を備えて,天文学の諸種の研究を行う天文台も多い。
[天文台の歴史]
 科学史に示されているように,天文学はもっとも長い歴史をもつ科学であり,また国家が国民に暦や時を授けるという統治上の必要に用いられた。そこで天体観測を国家の権威のもとに行うための天文台が設けられた歴史もまた古い。エジプト暦が採用されたのは前4200年ころといわれ,古代エジプトではそれ以前から詳しい天体観測がなされていたことになる。…

※「カッシニ,G.D.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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