Technical cooperation - license affiliation

Japanese: 技術提携 - ぎじゅつていけい(英語表記)license affiliation
Technical cooperation - license affiliation

A technical partnership is a cooperative relationship that arises between multiple companies through a technology patent agreement. A technology patent agreement, which is the basis of a technology partnership, is primarily a promise to provide a specific patented technology to the other company in exchange for a certain royalty. In a broader sense, technology partnerships can also include the use of trademarks, manufacturing know-how, the supply of raw materials, parts, and semi-finished products, technology-related services, marketing know-how, and management participation, in addition to specific patented technology. Technology partnerships can be formed not only within a country, but also internationally, but the latter are often problematic. Companies often develop technology partnerships as part of their international strategies, because technology partnerships have the following advantages over direct investment in overseas businesses: (1) there is no need for capital investment, so the risk is low; (2) it is less time-consuming than directly managing production facilities; (3) with a broader sense of technology partnerships (especially the provision of raw materials, parts, and semi-finished products), export profits can also be expected; and (4) there is no other way to enter certain regions (such as developing countries) than through technology partnerships. Despite these advantages, technology alliances also come with the following disadvantages: (1) in third country markets, the patent-receiving company (licensee) may become a competitor of the patent-providing company (licensor), (2) if the patent-receiving company does not use the technology appropriately (quality control, etc.), there is a risk that the patent itself or trademark may be tarnished, and (3) profits may be impaired depending on the policies of the country in which the patent-receiving company is located (for example, restrictions on imports and remittances). In the case of Japan, in international technology alliances, the number of patent-receiving companies was overwhelmingly greater until the 1960s, but since the 1970s the number of patent-providing companies has been increasing.

[Mitsuo Morimoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

技術特許契約license agreementによって複数企業間に生じる協力関係をいう。技術提携の基本となる技術特許契約は、特定の特許技術を一定の特許料(ロイヤルティroyalty)を対価として相手企業に提供するという約束を主内容としている。広義の技術提携では、特定の特許技術のほか、商標の使用、製造上のノウハウ、原料・部品・半製品の供給、技術に関するサービス、マーケティングに関するノウハウ、経営参加などを含むこともある。技術提携は、一国内で形成されることはいうまでもなく、国際間でも形成されるが、後者の場合は問題が多い。企業は、しばしば国際戦略の一環として技術提携を展開するが、それは、技術提携が海外事業への直接投資に比べて、次のような長所をもっているからである。(1)設備投資の必要がないから、危険度が低い、(2)生産施設を直接経営する場合に比べ、手数がかからない、(3)広義の技術提携(とくに原料・部品・半製品の提供)では、輸出利益をあわせて期待することができる、(4)特定地域(たとえば発展途上国)では、技術提携による以外、進出の方法がない、などである。これらの利点がある反面、技術提携には次のような短所も付きまとう。(1)第三国市場では、特許被供与企業(ライセンシーlicensee)が特許供与企業(ライセンサーlicensor)の競争者になることがある、(2)特許被供与企業が適切な技術利用(品質管理など)をしない場合には、特許自体や商標が傷つくおそれがある、(3)特許被供与企業の所在国の政策(たとえば輸入や送金の制限)によっては、利益が損なわれることがある、などである。国際的な技術提携では日本の場合、1960年代までは、圧倒的に特許被供与企業が多かったが、70年代以後は逆に特許供与企業が増えてきている。

[森本三男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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