Isolationism

Japanese: 孤立主義 - こりつしゅぎ(英語表記)Isolationism
Isolationism

A foreign policy or international outlook doctrine that opposes alliances with other nations or membership in international organizations, avoids involvement in overseas conflicts, and seeks to maintain isolation. Usually refers to such a position in the United States.

The United States' geographical location between two oceans has ensured its security, while the majority of its population is made up of immigrants from Europe or their descendants, making it difficult for the United States to intervene in international conflicts, particularly in Europe. For this reason, the country has had a strong tendency toward isolationism since its founding. As early as 1793, the first president, Washington, declared the United States' neutrality in the European conflicts caused by the French Revolution, and in his Farewell Address of 1796, he argued that in the case of the United States, avoiding intervention in overseas conflicts was essential and possible for the development of the nation while preventing internal divisions. The Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed in 1823, also advocated non-intervention between North and South America and Europe, and emphasized the difference between the systems of republic and dictatorship as its justification. Until the end of the 19th century, the development of the United States was based mainly on territorial expansion on the continent, so this mutual non-intervention was the basis of its foreign policy. However, it should not be overlooked that the United States had very close ties with Europe in terms of economy, culture, and the influx of immigrants. Although the United States eventually participated in World War I, it became disillusioned with the contents of the Treaty of Versailles and refused to join the League of Nations proposed by President Wilson, and the trend toward isolationism strengthened again, leading to the enactment of a series of neutrality laws in the 1930s. However, isolationism declined after World War II, and anti-communist military alliance networks were formed on a global scale under the containment policy. Isolationism was relatively strong geographically in the inland Midwest, and was sometimes linked to nationalistic right-wing forces. The failure of the Vietnam War temporarily made the United States cautious about its foreign intervention policy, but it never returned to isolationism, and on the contrary, its position toward globalism became even stronger after the end of the Cold War. In the 21st century, unilateralism has strengthened with the war on terror and the Iraq war, but this is a matter of one country's hegemony and is obviously completely different from isolationism.

[Kenzaburo Shinkawa]

"A History of American Politics and Diplomacy," by Saito Makoto (1975, University of Tokyo Press)""A Summary of American Diplomatic History: Changes in Politics, Economy, and Military Strategy," edited by Ariga Sadayoshi and Miyazato Masaharu (1983, Yuhikaku Selection)""The Tragedy of American Diplomacy," by William Apleman Williams, translated by Takahashi Akira, Matsuda Takeshi, and Ariga Sadayoshi (1991, Ochanomizu Shobo)""A Summary of American Diplomatic History," by Motohashi Tadashi (1993, University of Tokyo Press)""Postwar American Diplomatic History," edited by Sasaki Takuya (2002, Yuhikaku Alma)" ▽ "The Monroe Doctrine and the Foundations of American Diplomacy," by Nakajima Hiroo (2002, Minerva Shobo)

[References] | United States | Neutrality Act | Monroe Doctrine | Washington

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

他国との同盟や国際組織への加入に反対したり、海外の紛争に巻き込まれるのを避け、孤立を保とうとする外交政策や対外認識面での主義。通常アメリカ合衆国におけるそうした立場をさす。

 アメリカは、両大洋に挟まれているという地理的条件によって安全が保障されている面が強く、他方で国民の大部分がヨーロッパ各地からの移民、ないしその子孫によって構成されているといった事情により、とくにヨーロッパの国際紛争には介入しにくい状態にあるため、建国当初から孤立主義的傾向が強かった。早くも1793年、初代大統領ワシントンは、フランス革命により引き起こされたヨーロッパの紛争に対して中立を宣言し、ついで1796年の「告別演説」において、アメリカの場合海外の紛争への介入を回避することが、内部の分裂を防ぎながら国家を発展させるうえで肝要かつ可能であると訴えた。1823年に宣言されたモンロー主義においても、南北アメリカとヨーロッパとの間の相互不介入が主張され、その論拠として共和制と専制という両者の体制の相違が強調された。19世紀末までアメリカの発展がおもに大陸における領土的膨張を基盤としていたため、こうした相互不介入は対外政策の基調となったが、他方、経済的、文化的あるいは移民の流入などの面では、アメリカがヨーロッパときわめて緊密な関係にあったことを見逃してはならない。第一次世界大戦にはついに参戦するに至ったが、ベルサイユ条約の内容に幻滅してウィルソン大統領が提案した国際連盟への加入も拒否するなど孤立主義の風潮がふたたび強まり、1930年代には一連の中立法の制定をみた。だが第二次世界大戦を契機に孤立主義は衰退し、封じ込め政策の下にグローバルな規模で反共軍事同盟網が形成された。孤立主義は地理的には内陸の中西部において比較的強く、国粋的な右翼勢力と結び付いたこともあった。ベトナム戦争での挫折(ざせつ)により、一時的に対外介入政策に慎重となったが、孤立主義に戻ることはなく、逆に「冷戦の終焉(しゅうえん)」後グローバリズム的立場がいっそう強まった。21世紀に入り対テロ戦争やイラク戦争で単独行動主義的動きが強まったが、これは一国覇権的状況の問題で、孤立主義とはまったく異なるのはいうまでもない。

[新川健三郎]

『斎藤真著『アメリカ政治外交史』(1975・東京大学出版会)』『有賀貞・宮里政玄編『概説アメリカ外交史――政治・経済・軍事戦略の変遷』(1983・有斐閣選書)』『ウィリアム・アプルマン・ウィリアムズ著、高橋章・松田武・有賀貞訳『アメリカ外交の悲劇』(1991・御茶の水書房)』『本橋正著『アメリカ外交史概説』(1993・東京大学出版会)』『佐々木卓也編『戦後アメリカ外交史』(2002・有斐閣アルマ)』『中嶋啓雄著『モンロー・ドクトリンとアメリカ外交の基盤』(2002・ミネルヴァ書房)』

[参照項目] | アメリカ合衆国 | 中立法 | モンロー主義 | ワシントン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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