Myoglobin

Japanese: ミオグロビン - みおぐろびん(英語表記)myoglobin
Myoglobin

It is a red hemoprotein found in mammalian muscle cells and is very similar to the hemoglobin monomer. Approximately 15 milligrams are found in 1 gram of dark red beef. Its molecular weight is approximately 17,000, and it consists of one polypeptide chain (globin) consisting of 153 amino acids and one protoheme containing one divalent iron atom. Its isoelectric point is a hydrogen ion concentration value (pH) of 6.9, and it is more water-soluble than hemoglobin.

In 1960, British scientists Kendrew and Perutz determined the three-dimensional structure of sperm whale myoglobin using X-ray crystallography. This was the first time that the three-dimensional structure (tertiary structure) of a protein was elucidated, and the two were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962. The size of the myoglobin molecule is 45 x 35 x 25 angstroms (Å), and 77% of all amino acids are divided into eight parts (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H) to form a stable rod-like α (alpha)-helical structure (one of the stable helical structures that a polypeptide chain can adopt), with seven non-helical parts (NA, AB, CD, EF, FG, GH, HC) that are bent. Most of the polar amino acids are found on the surface of the molecule, and non-polar or hydrophobic ones are found mainly inside the molecule. The heme is fitted at right angles to the molecular surface in a pocket of hydrophobic amino acids, and two histidine side chains coordinate to the iron of the heme to prevent oxidation of the ferrous iron. The bound oxygen molecule coordinates to the opposite side and forms a hydrogen bond with another histidine side chain. Compared to hemoglobin, it has a higher affinity for oxygen and a lower affinity for carbon monoxide. Its oxygen saturation curve is a hyperbola, unlike the sigmoid (inclined S-shape) of hemoglobin, and it does not show an allosteric effect (when a protein molecule interacts with a small molecule, the higher-order structure of the protein changes, causing changes in its interactions with other molecules), nor does it show the Bohr effect (pH dependence of oxygen dissociation equilibrium).

Myoglobin's role in the body is thought to be to store the oxygen carried by hemoglobin in muscle tissue. Because it has a similar structure to the α-chain and β-chain of hemoglobin, it is thought to share a common ancestral gene, but it is synthesized based on separate genes that evolved from this.

Similar hemoproteins are also found in nervous tissue, the root nodules of legumes, paramecium, yeast, etc., and are also known as tissue hemoglobin.

[Koji Nomura]

"Proteins: Three-dimensional Structure and Medical Applications" by Max Perutz, translated by Reiko Kuroda (1995, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin) " "Standard Biochemistry" by Fumio Arisaka (1996, Shokabo) " Harper Biochemistry" by Robert K. Murray, supervised translation by Yoshito Ueda (1997, Maruzen)"

[References] | Amino acids | Allosteric effect | Kendrew | Enzymes | Hydrogen bonds | Proteins | Monomers | Isoelectric point | Histidine | Heme | Hemoglobin | Perutz | Polypeptide

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

哺乳(ほにゅう)類の筋肉細胞内に含まれる赤色のヘムタンパク質で、ヘモグロビンの単量体によく似ている。濃い赤身の牛肉1グラム中に15ミリグラム程度含まれている。分子量は約1万7000で、アミノ酸153個が連なる1本のポリペプチド鎖(グロビン)と二価の鉄1原子を含む1個のプロトヘムからなる。等電点は水素イオン濃度指数(pH)6.9で、ヘモグロビンより水溶性が大きい。

 1960年イギリスのケンドルーとペルツがX線結晶解析法によってマッコウクジラのミオグロビンの立体構造を決定した。これがタンパク質の立体構造(三次構造)を解明した最初の例となり、前記の2人は1962年ノーベル化学賞を受賞した。ミオグロビン分子の大きさは45×35×25オングストローム(Å)で、全アミノ酸の77%が八つの部分(A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H)に分かれて安定な棒状のα(アルファ)-ヘリックス構造(ポリペプチド鎖がとりうる安定な螺旋(らせん)構造の一つ)を形成し、7か所の非螺旋部分(NA、AB、CD、EF、FG、GH、HC)で屈曲している。極性のアミノ酸はほとんどが分子表面にあり、非極性あるいは疎水性のものは分子内部に多い。ヘムは疎水性アミノ酸からなるポケットに分子表面に対して直角にはめ込まれており、ヘムの鉄には二つのヒスチジン側鎖が配位して二価鉄の酸化を防いでいる。結合した酸素分子は、これと反対側に配位し、もう一つのヒスチジン側鎖と水素結合をつくる。ヘモグロビンと比べ、酸素に対する親和性が大きく、一酸化炭素に対する親和性は小さい。酸素飽和曲線はヘモグロビンのシグモイド(傾いたS字形)と異なり双曲線で、アロステリック効果(タンパク質分子が一つの低分子との相互作用によって高次構造に変化を生じ、他の分子との相互作用に変化をきたすこと)を示さず、またボーア効果(酸素解離平衡のpH依存性)も示さない。

 ミオグロビンの生体内での役割は、ヘモグロビンによって運ばれてきた酸素を筋肉組織中に貯蔵しておくことと考えられている。ヘモグロビンのα鎖やβ(ベータ)鎖と構造が似ているので、共通の祖先遺伝子をもつと考えられるが、これから進化してきたそれぞれ別個の遺伝子に基づいて生合成される。

 なお、類似のヘムタンパク質が神経組織、マメ科植物の根粒、ゾウリムシ、酵母などにもあり、組織ヘモグロビンともいう。

[野村晃司]

『Max Perutz著、黒田玲子訳『タンパク質――立体構造と医療への応用』(1995・東京化学同人)』『有坂文雄著『スタンダード 生化学』(1996・裳華房)』『Robert K. Murray著、上代淑人監訳『ハーパー・生化学』(1997・丸善)』

[参照項目] | アミノ酸 | アロステリック効果 | ケンドルー | 酵素 | 水素結合 | タンパク質 | 単量体 | 等電点 | ヒスチジン | ヘム | ヘモグロビン | ペルツ | ポリペプチド

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