Parvus

Japanese: パルブス

A Russian-born German Social Democratic theorist. His real name was Israel Lazarevich Helphand. He was born into a Jewish family in Belarus, Russian Empire, and left Russia in 1887 to study at the University of Basel in Switzerland, where he received a doctorate in philosophy. He became interested in Marxism, moved to Stuttgart, and began his career as a journalist with the support of K. Kautsky, a member of the German Social Democratic Party. He lived in Berlin from 1891 and gained fame for his articles on the Russian famine, but in 1893 he was ordered by the Prussian police to leave Berlin, and moved around Germany. He harshly criticized Bernstein's revisionism, attracting attention from the left wing of the party. He settled in Munich in 1898, and interacted with Russian exiled revolutionaries such as Lenin. When the Russian Social Democratic Party split in 1903, he tried to mediate between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, but he disliked Lenin's dictatorial methods. He also became close to Trotsky, and had a great influence on the formation of the theory of permanent revolution. Inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1905, he went to St. Petersburg and became a member of the St. Petersburg Soviet, but was arrested and exiled to Siberia. He escaped and crossed the German border, never to return to Russia. In 1910 he went to Constantinople and made a fortune through business dealings in the Balkans. When World War I began, he returned to Germany at the invitation of the German Foreign Office, and as an advisor he had close ties with the government and military, which led to him being disowned by his former comrades in both Russia and Germany.

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

ロシア出身のドイツ社会民主党理論家。本名Israel Lazarevich Helphand。ロシア帝国ベラルーシのユダヤ人家庭に生まれ，1887年ロシアを出てスイスのバーゼル大学に学び，哲学の博士号を受けた。マルクス主義に傾倒，シュツットガルトに移り，ドイツ社会民主党のK.カウツキーの援助でジャーナリストの道に入った。1891年からベルリンに住み，ロシアの飢饉に関する記事で名声を得たが，1893年プロイセン警察からベルリンを離れるよう命じられ，ドイツ各地を転々とした。ベルンシュタインの修正主義を厳しく批判し党内左派から注目を集めている。1898年ミュンヘンに落ち着き，レーニンらロシアの亡命革命家たちと交流，1903年のロシア社会民主労働党の分裂に際してはボリシェビキとメンシェビキの調停につとめたが，自身はレーニンの独裁的なやり方を嫌った。トロツキーとも親しくなり，永久革命論の形成に大きな影響を与えた。1905年のロシア革命に闘志をかきたてられ，ペテルブルグに赴きペテルブルグ・ソビエトのメンバーになるが，逮捕されシベリアに追放された。脱走してドイツ国境を越え，二度とロシアに戻らなかった。1910年にコンスタンティノープルに行き，バルカン諸国を舞台に商取引で巨富を築いた。第１次大戦が始まるとドイツ外務省の招きでドイツに戻り，アドバイザーとして政府・軍部と密接な関係をもち，ロシアとドイツのかつての同志たちから絶縁された。

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