It refers to the ideology and movement that seeks to realize socialism (or more precisely, social policy) through the hands of the state. It is a type of statism with strong socialist overtones. National socialism in its proper sense was advocated by Germans such as F. Lassalle and J.K. Laudobertus in the late 19th century. It is an idea that seeks to alleviate the poverty of workers and improve working conditions that arise with the development of capitalism within the framework of the capitalist system, and does not aim to realize a socialist system. Specific proposals include the nationalization of important industries such as banking, insurance, railways, gas, and electricity, the organization of workers' production unions that receive state support, and the implementation of universal suffrage. As examples of political practice, for example, Bismarck, in order to counter socialist forces, adopted the views of public socialists such as A.H.G. Wagner and G.S. Schmoller and attempted to implement social policies such as disability and endowment insurance, and in the face of the crisis of capitalism after World War I, Nazism and Mussolini's Fascism advocated national socialist ideas. However, in the case of Fascism, there was a thorough rejection of classical Western civil liberties and the political principles of parliamentarism, which clearly differed from 19th century national socialism. In Japan, Takabatake Motoyuki, who was active during the Taisho and early Showa periods, is often named as the founder of National Socialism, but the idea of National Socialism was introduced as early as the early 1890s. In 1898 (Meiji 31), the magazine Sekai no Nippon, edited by Takekoshi Sansa, a thinker affiliated with the Minyusha Society, contained an article titled "National Socialism," which noted the emergence of the "third class of people" ("lower people") who "need freedom of living," and defined National Socialism as "those who implement socialism through the power of the state," and said, "It is the use of government power to mediate competition between large and small capitalists, clashes between capitalists and workers, and disputes between landlords and tenant farmers, and to save the weak from being crushed by social pressure." They expected National Socialism to remove the pressures of big capital, the ill effects of "money politics and politics of the wealthy," which could not be solved by the power of populism, which focused on political reform. A precursor to this can also be seen in the founding of the National Socialist Party (1905) by Aizan Yamaji, a historian of the same company, Minyusha. However, it was in the early Showa period that national socialism became a trendy phenomenon. At that time, there were many cases of people switching from socialism to nationalism, which led to Akamatsu Katsumaro of the Social Democratic Party and Matsutani Yojiro of the National Labor-Farmer Mass Party leaving their parties to form the Japanese National Socialist Party (1932) and advocate national socialism. Other people who sympathized with the position of national socialism included Ishikawa Junjuro, Kondo Eizo, and Hayashi Kimio. The theory of national socialism, from Takabatake to Kita Ikki's "Outline of the Japan Reform Bill," functioned as the theoretical foundation of the prewar Japanese fascist movement, alongside Pure Japaneseism (Imperial Wayism). In this way, in Japan in the early Showa period, national socialism was advocated mainly by those who had converted from the socialist camp, but it did not become a force that could organize and mobilize the people on a large scale to achieve political goals. [Takeshi Nishida] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国家の手によって社会主義(厳密には社会政策)の実現を図ろうとする思想ならびに運動を意味する。社会主義的色彩の濃い国家主義statismの一種。固有の意味での国家社会主義は、19世紀後半、ドイツのF・ラッサールやJ・K・ロードベルトゥスらによって唱導された。それは、資本主義の発展に伴って発生する労働者の貧困の救済や労働条件の改善を資本主義体制の枠内で達成しようとする考え方で、社会主義体制の実現を目ざすものではない。具体的な提言は、銀行、保険、鉄道、ガス、電気など重要産業の国営化、国家の援助を受ける労働者生産組合の組織化、普通選挙法の実施などがあげられる。政治的実践の実例としては、たとえばビスマルクが社会主義勢力に対抗する必要上、A・H・G・ワーグナーやG・S・シュモラーら講壇社会主義者の見解を取り入れて、傷病、養老保険などの社会政策の実施を図ったり、第一次世界大戦後の資本主義の危機に直面して、ナチズムやムッソリーニのファシズムが国家社会主義的な考えを標榜(ひょうぼう)したことがある。ただファシズムの場合、古典的な西欧の市民的自由や議会主義の政治原理に対する徹底した否定の姿勢があり、その点19世紀の国家社会主義との明確な違いがある。 日本では国家社会主義の鼻祖として、大正・昭和初期に活躍した高畠素之(たかばたけもとゆき)の名がよくあげられるが、国家社会主義思想の紹介としては、すでに早く明治30年代前半に行われている。1898年(明治31)、民友社系の思想家竹越三叉(さんさ)が主宰する雑誌『世界之日本』に「国家社会主義」なる一文があり、「生活の自由を要す」る「第三級の人民」(「下等の人民」)の登場に注目しつつ、国家社会主義とは「国家の権力によりて社会主義を実行する者」と定義して、「大資本家と小資本家間の競争、資本家と職工の衝突、地主と小作人との抗争を政府の権力によりて調停し、社会の圧力が弱者を圧殺するを救はんとするもの也(なり)」と述べている。そして政治的改革を中心課題とする平民主義の勢力によっては解決しえない大資本の圧力、「金権政治、富豪政治」の弊害の除去を国家社会主義に期待している。また同じ民友社の歴史家山路愛山(やまじあいざん)らの国家社会党の結成(1905)にもその先駆をみることができる。 しかし、国家社会主義が一つの流行現象を形づくったのは昭和初期のことである。当時、社会主義から国家主義への転向現象が多く発生したことも手伝って、社会民衆党の赤松克麿(かつまろ)や全国労農大衆党の松谷(まつたに)与二郎らがそれぞれ脱党して、日本国家社会党を結成(1932)し国家社会主義を主張した。なお、国家社会主義の立場に共鳴する人々にはほかに、石川準十郎、近藤栄蔵、林癸未夫(きみお)らがある。そして高畠から北一輝(きたいっき)の『日本改造法案大綱』に至る国家社会主義理論は、純正日本主義(皇道主義)と並んで戦前の日本ファシズム運動の理論的基礎として機能したのである。このように、昭和初期のわが国において社会主義陣営からの転向組が中心になって国家社会主義が唱えられたのであるが、政治課題の実現に向けて、大規模に民衆を組織し動員する勢力にはならなかった。 [西田 毅] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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