Five-Power Constitution - Gokenkenpo

Principles of government organization proposed by Sun Yat-sen. Sun Yat-sen devised a government organization based on the principle of separation of three powers, legislative, executive, and judicial, as seen in Western capitalist countries, and added two powers from ancient China, the examination (a system for the recruitment of civil servants) and the inspection (a system for monitoring civil servant misconduct). According to this, the central government would be composed of five houses: legislative, executive, judicial, examination, and inspection. This idea was first announced at the first anniversary celebration of the founding of the Minpo newspaper, held in Tokyo, Japan in 1906. Since then, the details have changed little by little until his lecture titled "The Five-Power Constitution" in 1924, one year before his death. After the Kuomintang took power, Sun Yat-sen's principle of the "Five-Power Constitution" was actually implemented. That is, in October 1928, the Republic of China National Government Organization Act based on this principle was enacted, and the National Government adopted a five-house system thereafter. However, in reality, the Kuomintang party organization was superior to these government organizations and ruled dictatorially, so the separation of powers was nothing more than empty words.

[Kurahashi Masanao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

孫文(そんぶん／スンウェン)が提出した政府組織の原則。孫文は欧米資本主義国にみられる立法、行政、司法の三権分立主義を参考にし、さらにそれに中国古来の考試（官吏の採用試験制度）と監察（官吏の不正を監督する制度）の二権を加えた政府組織を考案した。これによると、中央政府は立法、行政、司法、考試、監察の五院から構成されることになる。この考えは、1906年日本の東京で開催された『民報』創刊1周年記念会の席上、初めて公表された。以後、死去する1年前（1924）の「五権憲法」と題する講演に至るまで、その細かい内容は少しずつ変化している。国民党の政権掌握後、孫文の「五権憲法」の原則は実際に行われた。すなわち、1928年10月、この主義に基づく中華民国国民政府組織法が制定され、以後、国民政府は五院制をとった。しかし、事実上、国民党の党組織がこれらの政府組織より上位にあって独裁的に支配したので、五権分立は空文にすぎなかった。

［倉橋正直］

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