Solid-state plasma

Japanese: 固体プラズマ - こたいプラズマ（英語表記）solid-state plasma

A state of matter in which positively and negatively charged particles coexist at roughly equal density is generally called plasma, and a collection of such charged particles in a solid material is called solid-state plasma to distinguish it from plasma in the narrower sense (ionized gas). In metals, plasma consists of electrons and ions, and in semiconductors, it consists of electrons and holes. Solid-state plasma is characterized by its ability to exist at room temperature or below, and by its extremely high electron density compared to gas plasma. When charged particles in a plasma move, space charges and currents are generated, which create electric and magnetic fields. The charged particles are subjected to forces from these electric and magnetic fields, causing collective movement of the plasma as a whole. Phenomena specific to plasmas, such as plasma oscillations, Alfven waves, Helicon waves, the pinch effect, and the helical instability, have also been observed in solid-state plasmas.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

正の荷電粒子と負の荷電粒子が，ほぼ同じ密度で共存する物質の状態を一般にプラズマといい，固体物質内のこのような荷電粒子の集りを，狭い意味でのプラズマ (電離気体) と区別して固体プラズマという。金属では電子とイオンで，半導体では電子と正孔でプラズマを構成している。固体プラズマの特徴は，室温またはそれ以下でも存在し，気体プラズマに比べて非常に電子密度が大きいことである。プラズマ中の荷電粒子が運動すると，空間電荷や電流を生じ，電場と磁場ができる。荷電粒子はこの電場と磁場から力を受け，プラズマ全体としての集団運動を起す。プラズマ振動，アルベーン波，ヘリコン波，ピンチ効果，ヘリカル不安定性などのプラズマ特有の現象が，固体プラズマにおいても観測されている。

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