Aurangzeb, Mohī al-Dīn Mohammed

Japanese: アウラングゼーブ（英語表記）Aurangzēb， Mohī al-Dīn Mohammed

Born: November 3, 1618, Doubad, Gujarat
[Died] March 3, 1707. Ahmadnagar. The sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire in India (reigned 1658-1707). He was the governor (subedar) of the Deccan region under his father, Shah Jahan, but in 1657, when his father fell seriously ill, he fought with his brother Dara Shukoh and his brother Murad for the right to the throne, and in 1658 he imprisoned his father in Agra Fort and took the throne himself. The first half of Aurangzeb's reign was a time of stability and prosperity for the Mughal Empire, which had been in existence for three generations since his great-grandfather, Akbar the Great, but in the second half, signs of the decline of the Mughal Empire became evident, with rebellions in various regions and turmoil within the Mughal imperial household. During the first half of his reign, Aurangzeb had been fighting with the Rajput dynasties, allies of the Mughal Empire since Akbar, and the Sikhs, who were building up a powerful force in the Punjab region. However, from 1681 until his later years, he devoted himself to conquering the Deccan region, destroying the Deccan Muslim Adil Shahi dynasty (→ Bijapur Kingdom) and the Qutb Shahi dynasty (→ Golconda Kingdom), and achieving the largest territory of the Mughal Empire. However, in his later years, he fought many years of fierce battles with the Maratha forces, who had risen to power in the Deccan region under the leadership of the hero Shibaji, and as a result, the imperial capital of Delhi was left abandoned, the Mughal Empire's control over northern India was almost completely lost, and the emperor's authority was completely lost. Aurangzeb was also a staunch Sunni Muslim, and his strict policies, such as persecuting Shiite Muslims and reinstating the jizya (poll tax imposed on non-Muslims) on Hindus, which had been abolished by Akbar, caused religious conflict. In the end, exhausted by the wars against the Marathas, he died in despair at Ahmadnagar in the northern Deccan Plateau. After his death, the Mughal Empire went into rapid decline.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1618.11.3. グジャラート，ドーバド
[没]1707.3.3. アーマドナガル
インド，ムガル帝国第6代の皇帝 (在位 1658～1707) 。父皇帝シャー・ジャハーンのもとにデカン地方の太守 (→スーバダール ) であったが，1657年父帝重病を契機に，兄ダーラー・シュコー，弟ムラードなどと帝位継承権を争い，1658年父帝をアーグラ城に幽閉しみずから帝位についた。アウラングゼーブの治世前半は曾祖父アクバル大帝以来3代にわたるムガル帝国の安定と繁栄が続いたが，後半には諸地方における反乱，ムガル帝室内の混乱などムガル帝国衰退の兆しが色濃く現れた。アクバル以来のムガル帝国の盟友であったラージプート諸王朝や，パンジャブ地方に強大な勢力を築きつつあったシク教徒などとの争いは治世前半から続いていたが，特に 1681年から晩年まではデカン地方征服に全力を傾け，デカン・ムスリム王朝のアーディル・シャーヒー朝 (→ビジャープル王国 ) ，クトゥブ・シャーヒー朝 (→ゴルコンダ王国 ) などを滅ぼし，ムガル帝国最大の版図を実現した。しかし，晩年には英雄シバージーの指導のもとデカン地方を中心に勃興してきたマラータ勢力との長年にわたる激しい戦闘の結果，帝都デリーは放置され，ムガル帝国の統制力は北インドにほとんど及ばなくなり，皇帝の権威はまったく失われた。アウラングゼーブはまた，厳格なスンニー派イスラム教徒で，シーア派イスラム教徒に対する迫害，アクバルによって廃止されたヒンドゥー教徒に対するジズヤ (非イスラム教徒に課する人頭税) の復活など，厳格な政策によって宗教対立の原因をつくった。最後はマラータ勢力との戦争に疲弊しつくし，デカン高原北部のアーマドナガルで失意のうちに死んだ。死後，ムガル帝国は急速に衰退していった。

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