Five Punishments - Gokei (English) wu xing

Japanese: 五刑 - ごけい（英語表記）wu xing

A basic system of punishment since ancient China. The Book of Documents lists Dabin (death penalty), Gong punishment (castration for men, imprisonment for women), Hei punishment (foot cutting), Gi punishment (nose cutting), and Sumi punishment (tattooing), while the Zhou Rites (Rites of Zhou) list Sumi, Gi, Gong, Getsu (foot cutting), and Murder, indicating that China, like Europe, had a period of bloody punishment. However, already in the 3rd century BC, there was a shift away from bloody punishment, with hard labor punishments such as penal servitude and flogging appearing in the 2nd century BC. In the Northern Dynasties (the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties), a system of five levels was established: death, exile, punishment, whipping, and the cane, which was succeeded by the Sui and Tang dynasties' Five Punishments (whip, cane, punishment, exile, and death). This was the most complete penal system in the history of Chinese criminal law, and it had an important influence on Japan's Taiho Code and Yoro Code, as well as the penal systems of Goryeo, Joseon, and Vietnam.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国古代以来の基本的な刑罰体系。『書経』には大辟 (死刑) ，宮刑 (男は去勢，女は幽閉) ，ひ刑 (ひけい。足切り) ，ぎ刑 (ぎけい。鼻そぎ) ，墨刑 (入墨) ，『周礼 (しゅらい) 』には墨，ぎ，宮，げつ (足切り) ，殺があげられていて，中国にもヨーロッパと同様，流血の刑罰の時期のあったことを示す。しかし，前3世紀すでに，徒刑のような労役刑への発展があり，前2世紀には笞刑なども現れて，流血の刑罰からの脱却がみられ，北朝 (北斉，北周の2王朝) になって，死，流，徒，鞭，杖の五等の体系が成立し，隋，唐の五刑 (笞，杖，徒，流，死) に引継がれた。これが中国刑法史上の完成された刑罰体系で，それが，日本の大宝律，養老律や，高麗，李氏朝鮮およびベトナムなどの刑罰体系にも重要な影響を与えた。

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