Paradise - Gokuraku

Japanese: 極楽 - ごくらく
Paradise - Gokuraku

The world (Pure Land) where Amida Buddha resides. The Sanskrit word sukhāvatī, meaning "place of happiness," became the proper noun for Amida Buddha's land. When Amida Buddha was still a seeker of the path known as Dharmakara (Hozo), he made a vow to save all people and declared that he would not enter the state of enlightenment until this was fulfilled. Eventually, his vow was fulfilled and Amida Buddha lived in that Buddha land, or paradise. It is a world of comfort free from all suffering and disaster, and it is said that those who recite the name of Amida Buddha can be reborn in this world after death and become Buddhas. It is also called the paradise world, paradise pure land, annyo pure land, or the land of comfort.

Representative sutras that preach about the Pure Land include the Sutra of Immeasurable Life, the Sutra of Contemplation of Immeasurable Life, and the Sutra of Amitabha, which are fundamental sutras for the Pure Land and Jodo Shinshu sects. The Sutra of Immeasurable Life contains a detailed description of the Pure Land, and the Sutra of Amitabha states, "From here to the west, past a hundred thousand billion Buddha lands, there is a world called the Pure Land," and that "the living beings in that land have no suffering, but only enjoy all kinds of pleasures. Therefore, it is called the Pure Land." The Pure Land is gorgeous, with seven-tiered stone walls (railings), numerous buildings and gardens decorated with gold, silver, and other jewels, and arranged in an orderly fashion. From the perspective of secular society, the life of the wealthy class is idealized and exaggerated. It seems that the description of nature in paradise should be pure and sinless, but this cannot be understood without considering the region in which the sutra was created. On the other hand, it describes a world in which there is no attachment to property or housing, and no distinction between what is one's own and what is someone else's, which is thought to be influenced by the idea of ​​emptiness. The Sutra of Contemplation of Amida Buddha teaches that even the most sinful and evil person can be reborn in paradise by calling the name of Amida Buddha once at the moment of death, and one can say that the description is very concrete in order to lead ordinary people to paradise. The idea that paradise is located in the west is related to the ideas around India, and may be influenced by ideas of time and space, sun worship, etc. Some theories trace its origins to Persian sun mythology and the belief in the god Mithra, but it is likely that it developed from the foundation of a common culture between India and Iran.

In China, it was particularly advocated by Donluan and Zendo during the Tang Dynasty. In Japan, Genshin described hell in detail and highlighted paradise in his Ojoyoshu. Honen (Genku) and Shinran in particular emphasized this, and the belief in paradise became the center of Pure Land Buddhism, with the belief in other Pure Land Buddhism being overshadowed.

[Yoshiaki Ishigami]

[Reference] | Hell

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

阿弥陀仏(あみだぶつ)が住居(すまい)する世界(浄土(じょうど))のこと。サンスクリット語スカーバティーsukhāvatīの訳で、「幸福のある(ところ)」という意味が、阿弥陀仏の国土をさす固有名詞となった。阿弥陀仏がまだダルマーカラ(法蔵(ほうぞう))とよばれる求道(ぐどう)者であったとき、誓願をたてて、あらゆる人々を救おうとし、それが成就(じょうじゅ)するまでは悟りの境地には入らないと宣言する。やがてその願いが完成して、阿弥陀仏はその仏国土すなわち極楽に住んでいる。そこは、あらゆる苦しみや災いのない安楽な世界であり、念仏する者は死後この世界に生まれて仏となることができるという。極楽世界、極楽浄土、安養(あんにょう)浄土、安楽国ともいう。

 極楽浄土を説く代表的経典は『無量寿経(むりょうじゅきょう)』『観(かん)無量寿経』『阿弥陀経』などであって、とくに浄土宗、浄土真宗の根本経典となっている。『無量寿経』には詳細な極楽の描写が記されているが、『阿弥陀経』によれば、「これより西方、十万億の仏土を過ぎて、世界あり、名づけて極楽という」とあり、「その国の衆生(しゅじょう)にはもろもろの苦しみあることなく、ただもろもろの楽しみを受く。ゆえに極楽と名づく」と説かれている。極楽には七重の石垣(欄楯(らんじゅん))をはじめ、数多くの建物や庭園が金銀などの宝石類によって飾られ、整然と配置されていて豪華絢爛(ごうかけんらん)である。世俗社会からみると富裕階級の生活が理想化され、誇張されて描写されている。極楽の自然の記述は、罪や汚れのない清らかな描写だけでよいと思われるが、これには経典の成立した地域性を考慮しないと理解ができない。また、一方、財産や住宅に執着する気持ちもなければ、自分のものとか、他人のものとか、区別する心すら生じない世界としており、空観(くうがん)の影響と思われる。『観無量寿経』には、罪深い極悪な者でも、臨終(りんじゅう)に一声、阿弥陀仏の名をよぶことによって極楽に往生(おうじょう)できると説いているように、一般庶民を極楽へ導き入れるための叙述がきわめて具象的であるのも特色といえよう。極楽が西方にあるとするのは、インド周辺の思想と関連し、時間・空間の考え、太陽崇拝などの影響も考えられる。ペルシアの太陽神話やミトラ神信仰に起源を求める学説もあるが、おそらくインド、イランの共通文化の基盤から発展したものであろう。

 中国に入って唐代の曇鸞(どんらん)、善導らによってとくに提唱された。日本では源信が『往生要集』のなかで、地獄を克明に描いて極楽を浮き彫りにしている。とくに法然(ほうねん)(源空)、親鸞(しんらん)によって力説されて、浄土信仰は極楽信仰が中心となり、ほかの仏の浄土信仰は影が薄くなってしまった。

[石上善應]

[参照項目] | 地獄

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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