National Tax General Law

Japanese: 国税通則法 - こくぜいつうそくほう
National Tax General Law

The purpose of this law is to determine basic and common matters concerning national taxes, to organize the systematic structure of tax law, and to ensure the fair operation of tax administration, thereby contributing to the proper and smooth fulfillment of tax obligations by citizens (Article 1). When this law was enacted, the entire tax system of Japan was reviewed, and after the Tax System Research Council submitted a report in 1961 (Showa 36), the law was enacted in 1962 (Law No. 66 of 1962). Accordingly, the general and general provisions of the National Tax Collection Law were transferred to the National Tax General Rules Law.

Prior to the enactment of the National Tax General Rules Act, there were problems such as: (1) no general rules for the establishment and determination of tax claims, (2) no clear distinction between the nature of the time limits for the assessment and collection of taxes, (3) no clear provisions for the significance of the self-assessment method and the official assessment method, and (4) the legal effects of tax returns, amended tax returns, and tax assessment decisions were unclear. The enactment of the National Tax General Rules Act in 1962 (Showa 37) aimed to solve these problems, as well as to simplify and clarify the tax law and improve and streamline the tax system. Since then, it has undergone numerous amendments.

The National Tax General Law consists of 10 chapters and 128 articles. Its contents are as follows: general provisions, determination of the obligation to pay national taxes, payment and collection of national taxes, tax payment grace and security, incidental taxes, time limits for the correction, determination, collection and refund of national taxes, the relationship with the Administrative Procedure Act, appeals and litigation, miscellaneous provisions, and penalties.

In normal cases where taxes are paid correctly, they can be handled within the scope of the provisions of each tax law, such as the Income Tax Law and the Corporation Tax Law, and there is little reliance on the National Tax General Law. However, for example, if tax obligations are only partially fulfilled, procedures such as late returns, amended returns, requests for tax reassessment, and tax reassessment decisions are necessary to correct this, and a relief system is also required for taxpayers who are dissatisfied with tax assessments such as tax reassessment decisions. The National Tax General Law was created to provide uniform provisions in response to such demands common to each tax law. In this sense, the National Tax General Law serves as a general law for each tax law, but if there are special provisions (special laws) in each tax law, those provisions take precedence.

The relationship of the National Tax General Law to the Administrative Procedure Law, Administrative Appeal Law, and Administrative Case Litigation Law, which are applicable to the general administrative domain, is that of a general law and a special law, respectively. In addition, the National Tax General Law has special provisions such as the exemption from the Administrative Procedure Law for tax dispositions (adverse dispositions) such as tax assessment decisions (reassessment decisions) and the mandatory principle of filing an appeal before an administrative appeal is filed, and these provisions are applied preferentially.

[Osamu Tanaka]

[Reference] | Administrative Case Litigation Act | Administrative Procedure | Administrative Appeals Act | National Tax | National Tax Collection Act | Income Tax | Declaration of Taxation|Obligation to Pay Tax | Assessment Tax | Appeal | Corporate Tax

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国税についての基本的な事項および共通的な事項を定め、税法の体系的な構成を整備し、かつ、税務行政の公正な運営を図り、もって国民の納税義務の適正かつ円滑な履行に資することを目的とする法律である(1条)。その立法の際には、わが国税制の全般にわたって検討がなされ、1961年(昭和36)の税制調査会の答申を経て、1962年に同法が制定された(昭和37年法律第66号)。これに伴い、国税徴収法の一般的・通則的な規定は国税通則法に移された。

 国税通則法制定前においては、(1)租税債権の成立や確定に関する通則的規定がない、(2)租税の賦課および徴収に関するそれぞれの期間制限に関し、両者の性質上の区別が明確にされていない、(3)申告納税方式、賦課課税方式のそれぞれの意義について明文の規定がない、(4)申告、修正申告および更正決定の相互間における法律効果が明らかでない、などの問題が存在した。1962年(昭和37)の国税通則法の制定は、このような問題を解決するとともに、税法の簡易平明化、税制の改善合理化を図ろうとするものであった。その後、数多くの改正を経ている。

 国税通則法は、10章128条からなる。その内容は、総則、国税の納付義務の確定、国税の納付および徴収、納税の猶予および担保、附帯税、国税の更正、決定、徴収、還付などの期間制限、行政手続法との関係、不服審査および訴訟、雑則、罰則、である。

 租税の納付が正しく行われている通常の場合には、所得税法、法人税法などの各税法の諸規定の範囲で処理が可能であって、国税通則法に拠(よ)るところはそれほどないといってよい。しかし、たとえば、納税義務が不完全にしか履行されない場合には、それを是正するために、期限後申告、修正申告、更正の請求、更正決定などの手続が必要となり、また更正決定などの課税処分を不服とする納税者に対する救済制度が必要となる。国税通則法は、各税法に共通するこのような要請を受けて、統一的な規定を定めたものである。国税通則法はこの意味において、各税法の一般法という地位にあるが、各税法において別段の定め(特別法)がある場合には、その定めが優先する。

 一般行政領域に適用される行政手続法、行政不服審査法、行政事件訴訟法に対する国税通則法の関係は、それぞれ一般法と特別法との関係にある。また、国税通則法には、更正決定などの課税処分(不利益処分)に対する行政手続法の適用除外、裁判所に提訴する前に行政上の不服申立てを経ていなければならないとの不服申立前置主義の強制、などの特別の定めがあり、これらの規定が優先的に適用される。

[田中 治]

[参照項目] | 行政事件訴訟法 | 行政手続 | 行政不服審査法 | 国税 | 国税徴収法 | 所得税 | 申告納税 | 納税の義務 | 賦課課税 | 不服申立て | 法人税

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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