International organization

An organization established by multilateral treaties (basic treaties) or other international agreements, with each member state as its constituent unit, has its own permanent organs (general assembly, council, secretariat) and powers to continuously achieve the common interests of its member states. It is also called an international organization. Strictly speaking, it is called an intergovernmental organization (IGO) and is distinguished from private non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Among these international organizations, the United Nations and specialized agencies (19) are universal organizations that are open to all countries. There are also regional organizations that limit the scope of their member states to promote solidarity in a certain region (EU, OAS, etc.). In terms of purpose and mission, there are comprehensive political organizations (originating from European cooperation in the 19th century, such as the United Nations, EU, OAS, etc.) that focus on peace, security, and international cooperation in the economic and social fields, and organizations whose purpose is limited to international cooperation in specific administrative fields (19th century administrative unions, specialized agencies, regional organizations). International organizations set their own will within the scope of their basic treaties (resolutions by unanimity, majority vote, weighted vote or consensus), have legal capacity under international law (privileges and immunities, right to conclude treaties, status as a party to international responsibility), and legal capacity under the domestic laws of their member states. Except for the integration function of supranational organizations (EU), international organizations generally perform coordination functions (promotion of information exchange and standardization of administrative affairs), facilitating functions (progressive achievement of treaty objectives within member states), setting of code of conduct (setting standards and legislative measures for administrative affairs in each country), and performance functions (deciding on collective activities, executing projects to provide facilities, benefits and services to private individuals), and by making decisions or recommendations, they intervene in and have a great influence on the domestic laws and administration of member states.

[Yamamoto Soji]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

多数国間条約（基本条約）、そのほかの国際合意によって設立され、国家を構成単位とする組織体であって、これら加盟諸国の共通利益を継続的に達成するため、固有の常設機関（総会、理事会、事務局）と権能をもつもの。国際機構ともいう。厳密には政府間国際組織（IGO）といい、民間の非政府組織（NGO）とは区別される。これら国際組織のうち、すべての国に加盟を開放する普遍的組織としては、国連、専門機関（19）がある。また、一定地域の連帯を進めるため、加盟国の範囲を限定した地域的組織もある（EU、OASなど）。次に目的・任務の面で、平和、安全保障をはじめ経済・社会の分野での国際協力など、包括性をもつ政治的組織（19世紀の欧州協調が起源。国連、EU、OASなど）と、目的が特定の行政分野の国際協力に限られた組織（19世紀の行政連合、専門機関、地域的組織）がある。国際組織はその基本条約の範囲内で固有の意思を設定し（全会一致、多数決、加重投票またはコンセンサスによる決議）、国際法上の権利能力（特権免除、条約締結権、国際責任の当事者適格）と加盟国の国内法上の法律行為能力をもつ。国際組織は、超国家組織（EU）による統合機能を除けば、一般に調整機能（情報交換と行政事務の標準化の促進）、助長機能（加盟国内での条約目的の漸進的達成）、行為規範設定機能（各国の行政事務の基準、立法措置を定める）、職務執行機能（集団的活動の決定、私人に施設・便益・役務を提供するための事業の執行）などを行い、決定または勧告により、加盟国の国内法と国内行政に対し介入し多くの影響を与えている。

［山本草二］

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