Inheritance of traits controlled by genes in the cytoplasm. Also called extranuclear or extrachromosomal inheritance. Cytoplasmic inheritance does not follow Mendelian laws, and only the mother's traits are passed on to the offspring, so it is sometimes called maternal inheritance. The main body of genes is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is mainly found in the nucleus of the cell, but also in small amounts in organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies in the cytoplasm. The DNA of such organelles is replicated independently of the nuclear genes as cytoplasmic genes, and functions to express cytoplasmic traits. In sexual reproduction, female gametes such as egg cells have cytoplasm, but male gametes such as sperm have no cytoplasm or only a small amount of cytoplasm, and the cytoplasm of the fertilized egg often comes from the female gamete. Therefore, the genetic traits of the offspring controlled by the DNA of the organelles are always the same as those of the female parent, there is no segregation, and the inheritance pattern is non-Mendelian. In the case of variegated plants where a mutation has occurred in the chloroplast gene, crossing an all-green female with a variegated male produces only all-green plants, while the reciprocal cross of a variegated female with an all-green male produces mostly variegated plants. When the male and female traits are swapped and a reciprocal cross is performed, different segregations are observed, which is a characteristic of cytoplasmic inheritance. A respiratory-deficient yeast called putty cannot respire with oxygen and grows by fermentation, forming small colonies. Putty is a mutant of a mitochondrial gene, and respiratory deficiency is considered to be a good example of a cytoplasmic inheritance trait. In addition to organelles, there are also self-replicating particles in the cytoplasm that can cause cytoplasmic inheritance. In the case of Paramecium, for example, those with DNA-containing kappa particles act as killers that kill other Paramecium, but the killer trait is inherited in the cytoplasm. Such cytoplasmic particles are thought to originate from viruses or bacteria that parasitize the cytoplasm. A phenomenon similar to cytoplasmic inheritance can occur when the cytoplasm is infected with a virus or bacteria, but in such cases it is usually distinguished as infectious inheritance. Structures that can replicate independently in the cytoplasm, separately from chromosomes, are collectively called plasmids. The genes contained in plasmids act as cytoplasmic genes. The technique of isolating plasmids, artificially linking various genes, and reintroducing them into the cytoplasm for expression is called gene cloning, and is widely used in the field of genetic engineering. [Tatsuo Ishikawa] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
細胞質中にある遺伝子に支配される形質の遺伝。核外遺伝あるいは染色体外遺伝ともいう。細胞質遺伝の様式はメンデルの法則に従わず、母親の形質のみが子孫に伝えられることから、母性遺伝とよぶこともある。遺伝子の本体はDNA(デオキシリボ核酸)であり、主として細胞の核にあるが、細胞質中の葉緑体、ミトコンドリア、ゴルジ体のような小器官にも少量含まれている。このような細胞小器官のDNAは細胞質遺伝子として、核の遺伝子とは独立に複製され、細胞質遺伝形質の発現に働く。有性生殖のとき、卵細胞など雌性配偶子は細胞質をもつが、精子などの雄性配偶子は細胞質をもたないか少量しかもたず、受精卵の細胞質は雌性配偶子に由来することが多い。したがって、細胞小器官のもつDNAに支配される子孫の遺伝形質はつねに雌親と同じものとなり、分離がみられず、遺伝様式は非メンデル遺伝となる。 葉緑体遺伝子に突然変異がおこった斑入(ふい)り植物の例では、全緑雌×斑入り雄の交雑からは全緑株のみが得られ、その逆交雑の斑入り雌×全緑雄からは主として斑入り株が得られる。このように雌雄の形質を入れ替えて正逆交雑を行ったとき、異なる分離がみられるのが細胞質遺伝の特徴である。プチーとよばれる呼吸欠損性の酵母は、酸素呼吸ができず発酵により成育し、小形集落をつくる。プチーはミトコンドリア遺伝子の突然変異体であり、呼吸欠損性は細胞質遺伝形質の好例とされている。 細胞小器官以外に細胞質中に自己増殖性の粒子があり、細胞質遺伝の原因となることがある。ゾウリムシの例では、DNAを含むカッパ粒子をもつものはほかのゾウリムシを殺すキラーとなるが、キラー形質は細胞質遺伝をする。このような細胞質粒子は細胞質に寄生したウイルスや細菌に由来するものと考えられている。細胞質にウイルスや細菌が感染することにより細胞質遺伝と類似の現象を示すことがあるが、このような場合は、普通、感染遺伝として区別される。 細胞質内で染色体とは別個に自己増殖することができる構造体はプラスミドと総称される。プラスミドのもつ遺伝子は細胞質遺伝子として働く。プラスミドを分離して人工的に各種の遺伝子を連結し、細胞質中に再導入し発現させる技術は遺伝子のクローン化といわれ、遺伝子工学分野で盛んに用いられている。 [石川辰夫] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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