International river - kokusai kasen (English spelling) international river

Japanese: 国際河川 - こくさいかせん(英語表記)international river
International river - kokusai kasen (English spelling) international river

A waterway whose basin extends across multiple countries is called an international river. A country has jurisdiction over the part of the river that borders its territory. The basin countries are required by international agreement to cooperate with each other in navigation and non-navigational uses of international rivers. Some European rivers, such as the Rhine, have been open to commercial oceangoing ships since the 19th century. In 1921, the Barcelona Convention and Regulations on the System of Navigable Waterways with International Relations were adopted, which established the principle that waterways that can be navigated to and from the ocean are open to all commercial ships for the freedom of commerce and traffic. It was also stipulated that riverine countries should not impose levies on passing ships and cargo that exceed the cost of maintaining and improving the waterway and its facilities. After about half a century, the use of river water increased for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, drinking water, etc., and the prevention of river water pollution by wastewater and other factors became an urgent issue. Based on a report by the International Law Commission, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Convention) on May 27, 1997. This convention stipulates that (1) river basin states shall use rivers within their basins in an equitable and reasonable manner and shall exercise due care so as to avoid causing serious harm to other states, (2) states shall be obligated to prevent harmful pollution of river waters and to protect and preserve the ecosystems of international rivers, and (3) international rivers shall be managed through International River Commissions established for each river.

[Kou Nakamura]

"Collection of Global Environmental Treaties, 4th Edition, edited by the Global Environmental Research Group (2003, Chuohoki Publishing)" "Collection of International Treaties, 2003 Edition, edited by Yasuaki Ohnuma and Hisakazu Fujita (2003, Yuhikaku)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

川の流域が複数の国に及ぶ水路を国際河川という。国はその領土に接する川の部分を領域として管轄する。流域国は国際的な合意によって、国際河川の航行および航行以外の利用について相互に協力することを求められている。ライン川などヨーロッパの若干の河川は、19世紀以来商業用航洋船舶の航行に開放されてきた。1921年に国際関係を有する可航水路の制度に関するバルセロナ条約と規程が採択され、海洋へおよび海洋から航行できる水路は、通商・交通の自由のためにすべての商船の航行に開放されるとの原則が定められた。沿河国は、通航船舶および積み荷に対して、水路とその施設の維持・改良費の範囲を超えて課徴金を課してはならないとされた。その後、約半世紀を経て灌漑(かんがい)、水力発電、飲料水など、川の水の利用が増大し、また廃水などによる河川水の汚染の防止が緊要な課題となった。国連総会は国際法委員会の報告をもとに、1997年5月27日に「国際水路の非航行的利用の法に関する条約」(「国際水路の非航行的利用条約」)を採択した。この条約によれば、(1)流域国はその流域内において河川を衡平かつ合理的な方法において利用し、他の国に重大な害を与えないよう相当の注意を払う、(2)国は河川水の有害な汚染を防止し、国際河川の生態系を保護し保全する義務を負う、(3)国際河川の管理は、河川ごとに設けられる国際河川委員会を通じて行われる、とされている。

[中村 洸]

『地球環境研究会編『地球環境条約集 第4版』(2003・中央法規出版)』『大沼保昭・藤田久一編『国際条約集 2003年版』(2003・有斐閣)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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