Efficiency

Japanese: 効率 - こうりつ
Efficiency

It is also called thermal efficiency. In science and technology, efficiency usually refers to the efficiency of a heat engine, a number that indicates how effectively heat can be converted into work. A heat engine absorbs heat from a high heat source, releases it to a low heat source, and repeats the process of doing work to the outside equal to the difference in heat. All types of engines are heat engines. If the amount of heat absorbed by a heat engine from a high heat source is Q 2 and the amount of heat released to a low heat source is Q 1 , the efficiency η of this heat engine is defined as η = W / Q 2 = ( Q 2 - Q 1 ) / Q 2 , where W is the work done to the outside by this heat engine.

In theory, it is clear that a heat engine can be realized by repeating the Carnot cycle one after another, and the efficiency η of this reversible Carnot cycle with an ideal gas as the working medium is given by η = ( T 2 - T 1 )/ T 2. Here, T 2 and T 1 are the absolute temperatures of the high and low heat sources, respectively. Furthermore, according to Carnot's theorem, in heat engines that operate between the same high and low heat sources, the efficiency of an irreversible one is always lower than the efficiency of a reversible one. However, while increasing the efficiency of heat engines is extremely important in practical terms, the heat engines that we can actually create are always irreversible, so no matter how hard we try, their efficiency will be lower than ( T 2 - T 1 )/ T 2. This limit value is, for example, T 2 = 1273K (1000℃),
T1 = 273K (0° C )
When , it is 0.79.

[Shozo Sawada]

[Reference] | Carnot cycle | Mechanical efficiency

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

熱効率ともいう。科学技術分野で効率という場合は普通、熱機関の効率のことをさし、熱がどれほど有効に仕事に変えられるかを表す数である。熱機関は、高熱源から熱量を吸収し、低熱源へ熱量を放出し、その差だけの仕事を外部へなすような操作を繰り返し行う。各種のエンジンはすべて熱機関である。熱機関が高熱源から吸収する熱量をQ2、低熱源へ放出する熱量をQ1とすると、この熱機関の効率ηはη=W/Q2=(Q2Q1)/Q2で定義される。ただしWはこの熱機関が外部へなす仕事である。

 理論上は、カルノー・サイクルを次々と繰り返せば、一つの熱機関が実現することは明らかであって、この理想気体を作業体とする可逆カルノー・サイクルの効率ηはη=(T2T1)/T2で与えられる。ここに、T2T1はそれぞれ高熱源、低熱源の絶対温度である。さらに、カルノーの定理によると、同じ高熱源、同じ低熱源の間に働く熱機関では、不可逆的なものの効率は可逆的なものの効率よりかならず小さい。しかし、熱機関の効率をあげることは、実用面においてはきわめて重要であるが、われわれが実際につくりうる熱機関は、かならず不可逆的なものであるから、その効率はいくら努力しても(T2T1)/T2より小さい。この極限値は、たとえば
  T2=1273K(1000℃),
  T1=273K(0℃)
のときには、0.79である。

[沢田正三]

[参照項目] | カルノー・サイクル | 機械効率

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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