Americanism - Americanism

Japanese: アメリカニズム - あめりかにずむ(英語表記)Americanism
Americanism - Americanism

When the term was first used at the end of the 18th century, it merely referred to American English, but in the course of subsequent social development, it came to mean an attitude that emphasized the superiority of the values, beliefs, lifestyles, and political systems unique to the United States, as well as a political intolerance toward those who did not agree with it. This is because the country was established through the American Revolution and became the first republic in modern history. The founding spirit based on freedom and equality was always remembered, and democratic systems superior to those in the old world were emphasized. In addition, the fact that the country is a multi-ethnic nation made up of immigrants and their descendants created the need to foster a common American consciousness for national unity. Furthermore, Americanism was strengthened by the assimilation process of the constant influx of immigrants. In particular, at the end of the 19th century, when a large number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe with different cultural backgrounds arrived, the Americanization of immigrants was further strengthened, emphasizing the superiority of the mainstream Anglo-Saxon culture, and creating a trend of excluding and discriminating against those who did not conform to it.

Externally, this was expressed as Monroe's "isolationism" and the sense of chosenness seen in "Manifest Destiny," which justified territorial expansion to the west by the "divine mandate" of "leading the inferior races." The same attitude became overseas expansionism in the late 19th century, when America achieved imperialistic development, emphasizing America's mission as a leader of underdeveloped countries, as seen in Kipling's poem "White Man's Burdon."

After World War II, Americanism meant "Cocacolonization" overseas and the Americanization of customs, but in Japan it manifested itself as fanatical anti-communism, as seen in McCarthyism during the Cold War. The political stance of sharply distinguishing itself from communism as superior created a national enthusiasm for the traditional values ​​of the country, making people live in a mythical world of democracy and denounced those who did not agree as "un-American," and thus became a political tool for ideological control, drawing much criticism.

[Kazuko Nakajima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

このことばが最初に使われた18世紀末には、アメリカ英語をさす程度のものであったが、その後の社会発展のなかで、アメリカ合衆国に固有の価値観、信条、生活様式、政治諸制度の卓越性を強調する姿勢、さらに、これに同調しない者への政治的不寛容の姿勢をも意味するようになった。それには、この国が独立革命によって成立し、近代史上最初の共和国になったという事情がある。事あるごとに自由と平等に基づく建国の精神が顧みられ、旧世界に卓越する民主主義的諸制度が強調された。また、この国が移民とその子孫からなる多民族国家であることが、国民的統一のための共通なアメリカ人意識を育成する必要を生んだ。そのうえ不断に流入する移民の同化過程によってアメリカニズムは強固なものとなる。ことに、文化的背景を異にした南欧、東欧系移民の大量渡来する19世紀末になると、移民のアメリカ化はいっそう強化されて、主流をなすアングロ・サクソン系文化の優越性を強調し、これに合致せぬ者を排斥、差別する風潮となった。

 対外的にはモンローの「孤立主義」として、また「マニフェスト・デスティニー」(明白な運命)にみられる選民意識となって西部への領土拡大を「劣等人種の指導」という「天命」によって正当化する姿勢となった。同じ姿勢は、アメリカが帝国主義的発展を遂げた19世紀末、キプリングの詩『ホワイトマンズ・バードン』(白人の責務)にみられるように、後進国に対する指導者としてのアメリカの使命を強調する海外膨張主義となった。

 第二次世界大戦後、アメリカニズムは、海外では「コカコーラニゼーション」Cocacolonizationや風俗のアメリカ化を意味したが、国内では冷戦下のマッカーシズムにみられる狂信的反共主義として姿を現す。共産主義から自己を優越的に峻別(しゅんべつ)し遮断する政治姿勢は、この国の伝統的価値への国民的熱狂を生み、人々を民主主義の神話の世界に住まわせ、これに同調せぬ者を「非米的(アン・アメリカン)」として糾弾するなど、思想統制のための政略上の道具と化したため、多くの批判を浴びた。

[中島和子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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