In a broad sense, it refers to any military assistance to another country, including assistance in the form of military force. The joint defense stipulated in the North Atlantic Treaty and the US-Korea Mutual Defense Treaty provides all kinds of assistance to each other, including the use of military force. The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan also stipulates such joint measures, with the condition for joint defense limited to armed attacks on Japanese territory. After World War II, the United States began to provide weapons, equipment, military technology, and military advisory groups to allied and friendly countries in peacetime. As the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union intensified, the United States began providing reconstruction assistance to Western European countries through the Marshall Plan in 1948. In 1951, the Mutual Security Act was enacted, shifting the focus to military assistance. In 1954, a mutual defense assistance agreement was signed between Japan and the United States, and 576.4 billion yen in grant aid was provided until the 1960s, promoting the strengthening of defense capabilities. In 1962, the United States stopped providing grant aid to developed countries and switched to military sales (FMS). In the 1970s, FMS became the focus of operations in the Third World as well. [Haruo Fujii] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広くは他国に対するいっさいの軍事的援助をいい、兵力をもってする援助をも含む。北大西洋条約や米韓相互防衛条約が定める共同防衛は、兵力の使用を含むすべての種類の援助を相互に与えるものである。「日米相互協力及び安全保障条約」も、共同防衛の発動条件を日本領域に対する武力攻撃に限定したうえで、このような共同措置を定めている。第二次世界大戦後は、平時から同盟国、友好国に対し兵器装備、軍用技術、軍事顧問団を提供することが多くなった。米ソ冷戦激化のなかでアメリカは1948年、西ヨーロッパ諸国に対するマーシャル・プランによる復興援助を始めた。続いて51年には相互安全保障法Mutual Security Actを定め、軍事援助に重点を移した。日米間にも54年(昭和29)相互防衛援助協定が結ばれ、60年代まで5764億円の無償援助が提供され、防衛力増強を促進した。62年以降アメリカは先進国に対する無償援助を打ち切り、有償軍事援助(FMS)に切り替えた。70年代になると第三世界に対してもFMSを中心とするに至った。 [藤井治夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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