A general term for the six elements in Group 1 of the periodic table: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Of these, sodium and potassium are widely found in large quantities in seawater, plants, and as rock salt minerals, but the rest are rare elements, and francium in particular exists only in trace amounts as a short-lived radioactive isotope. Lithium is found in minerals such as mica, while rubidium and cesium are found mainly in association with potassium, and special ores are rare. Alkali metals are the most electropositive of all elements, and can easily lose an electron to form monovalent cations with the same structure as rare gas elements. These ions are not easily oxidized or reduced, and form stable salts. Therefore, it is difficult to create metals using normal methods, and the salt is melted at high temperatures and electrolyzed. All of the solids are soft, silvery-white metals that lose their luster immediately in air and are characterized by low density, melting point, and boiling point. They also show flame color reactions: lithium is crimson, sodium is yellow, potassium is purple, rubidium is deep red, and cesium is blue-purple. It reacts actively and directly with many nonmetallic elements, particularly with oxygen and halogens, and reacts with hydrogen to form hydrides. Lithium also directly reacts with nitrogen and carbon. It reacts with water at room temperature to generate hydrogen and produce strongly basic hydroxides. With the exception of lithium, the salts are easily soluble in water. Metals react with moisture if left unattended, so they should be stored in petroleum or paraffin. [Nakahara Katsunori] [References] | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Periodic Table Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周期表第1族元素、すなわちリチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、ルビジウム、セシウム、フランシウムの6元素の総称。 このうちナトリウムおよびカリウムは海水や植物中に、あるいは岩塩鉱物などとして広く多量に存在するが、それ以外は希元素に属し、とくにフランシウムは寿命の短い放射性同位体として微量存在するにすぎない。リチウムは雲母(うんも)などの鉱物から、ルビジウム、セシウムは主としてカリウムに伴って産し、特別な鉱石はまれである。アルカリ金属は、元素中で電気陽性がもっとも高く、容易に電子1個を失って希ガス元素と同じ構造の1価陽イオンの化合物をつくりやすい。このイオンは酸化還元を受けにくく、安定な塩をつくる。したがって金属をつくる場合にも普通の方法ではむずかしく、塩を高温で融解して電解する。固体はすべて柔らかい銀白色の金属で、空気中ではただちに光沢を失い、密度、融点、沸点などが低いのが特徴である。また炎色反応を示し、リチウムは深紅色、ナトリウムは黄色、カリウムは紫色、ルビジウムは深赤色、セシウムは青紫色である。多くの非金属元素と活発に直接作用するが、とくに酸素、ハロゲンなどと化合し、水素と反応して水素化物をつくる。またリチウムは窒素、炭素とも直接化合する。常温で水と反応して水素を発生し、強塩基性の水酸化物を生ずる。リチウムを除いて塩は水に溶けやすい。金属を放置すると湿気と反応するので、石油やパラフィンの中に入れて保存する。 [中原勝儼] [参照項目] | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 周期表 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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