Caesaropapism (English spelling) German

It means that the authority of the emperor is superior to that of the pope, and the emperor has the pope under his jurisdiction. In other words, the emperor also holds the position of pope and controls matters related to faith, the church, and the clergy. This reversed relationship is called "papal imperialism." Both concepts have been used since the 12th century in medieval Western Europe, and are applied to the conflict between the pope and feudal lords. In the 11th century, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV asserted the superiority of imperial power, while Pope Gregory VII asserted the superiority of papal power, and the battle between the two (the Investiture Controversy) is a typical example of this conflict.

The Byzantine Emperor is often cited as a typical example of caesar-papism, but it is difficult to apply this concept, which was applied in the Latin world, where the separation of church and state was a given and the emperor and the pope were in a rival relationship, to the Byzantine Emperor, whose national policy was the unity of church and state. In fact, the Byzantine Emperor, as a "friend of Christ," was recognized as having a special spirituality that surpassed that of the Patriarch, and he also had the power to appoint and dismiss the Patriarch. However, on the other hand, it is also the Emperor's duty to protect churches, monasteries, and clergy, and it is also true that the rise of Greek Orthodoxy was largely due to the efforts of the emperors. Therefore, we must be extremely careful in using this concept.

[Hiroshi Wada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

皇帝の権威を教皇のそれよりも優位にあるとし、皇帝が教皇をもその管轄下に置くことをいう。すなわち皇帝が教皇の地位をも兼ね、信仰、教会および聖職者に関する事柄をも管理する。この逆の関係を「教皇皇帝主義」とよぶ。いずれも西ヨーロッパ中世において12世紀のころから使用され、ローマ教皇と封建諸侯との対立関係に適用される概念である。11世紀に神聖ローマ皇帝ハインリヒ4世が皇帝権の優位を主張し、対する教皇グレゴリウス7世が教皇権の優位を主張し、双方が争った（聖職叙任権闘争）のはその対立関係の典型的なものといえる。

　皇帝教皇主義の典型としてビザンティン皇帝がよく引用されるが、政教分離を前提とし、皇帝と教皇とがライバル関係にあるラテン世界において適用される概念を、政教一致を国是とするビザンティン皇帝に当てはめるには無理がある。事実、「キリストの友」としてのビザンティン皇帝には、総主教を上回る特殊な霊性が認められ、総主教の任免権も皇帝にあった。しかし他方、教会、修道院および聖職者の庇護(ひご)は皇帝の義務でもあり、ギリシア正教の興隆は諸皇帝の尽力によるところが多いのも事実である。したがって、この概念の使用にはきわめて慎重でなければならない。

［和田　廣］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例