A viral infectious disease that is only transmitted to animals in the order Artiodactyla of the class Mammalia. Once an outbreak occurs, it is highly contagious and is designated as a legally regulated infectious disease of livestock. It forms blisters on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and hooves of cattle, buffaloes, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, reindeer, etc., and spreads rapidly. The infection rate and incidence rate are high. The mortality rate is generally low, but is often high in young livestock. The virus is transmitted by contact and air. The virus is concentrated in the affected area, and when the blisters that form break, they contaminate the floor and barns, and are dispersed through saliva and exhaled air. The virus is also present in milk and semen. The virus is endemic in Asia, Africa, and South America, so it is important to prevent the virus from entering from countries where it is present. In 2000, an outbreak occurred in Japan for the first time in 92 years. However, the only lesions were in the nasal cavity, and there were no abnormalities in the hooves, and infection was confirmed by antibodies. If FMD is diagnosed, the specific livestock infectious disease prevention guidelines require that the transport of livestock within a radius of 5 to 30 kilometers from the initial farm be restricted, traffic be blocked, and all animals, including suspected infected animals (livestock at risk of infection), be euthanized, buried, and disinfected to prevent the spread of the disease. Japan has been certified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a "foot-and-mouth disease-free country" that does not administer vaccinations. Prevention in countries where FMD is endemic involves vaccination with a multivalent vaccine that contains several types of vaccine, which is administered twice a year. [Motoyoshi Shigekazu] [Reference] | | animalsSource: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
哺乳(ほにゅう)綱偶蹄(ぐうてい)目に属する動物にのみ伝染するウイルス性の伝染病。一度発生すると伝染力が強く、家畜法定伝染病に指定されている。ウシ、スイギュウ、ブタ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、ラクダ、トナカイなどの、口や蹄部(ひづめ)の皮膚、粘膜に水疱(すいほう)を形成し、急速に広がる。感染率や発病率は高い。致死率は一般には低いが、幼畜では高い場合が多い。 伝播(でんぱ)は接触および空気により、ウイルスは病変部に濃厚に存在し、形成された水疱が破れると床や畜舎を汚染し、唾液(だえき)や呼気から飛散し、牛乳中や精液などにもウイルスが混在している。アジア、アフリカ、南アメリカにはいずれも常在しており、ウイルスが存在している国からのウイルス侵入の阻止が重要である。2000年(平成12)、92年ぶりに日本での発生がみられた。ただし、鼻腔内の病変のみで、蹄(ひづめ)の局所に異常はなく、抗体によって感染が確認された。口蹄疫と診断された場合には、特定家畜伝染病防疫指針に基づき、初発農場から半径5~30キロメートルの範囲内で生体の搬出を制限、交通遮断、疑似患畜(発生のおそれのある家畜)を含め全頭殺処分、埋却および消毒処置を行い、蔓延(まんえん)を防止する。日本は国際獣疫事務局(OIE)により、ワクチン接種をしない「口蹄疫清浄国」として認定されている。口蹄疫の常在国での予防には、数種の型を混合した多価ワクチンの接種が必要で、年2回の注射が行われる。 [本好茂一] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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