Black tea - Koucha

Japanese: 紅茶 - こうちゃ
Black tea - Koucha

It is made by fermenting and drying the leaves of the evergreen tea plant of the Theaceae family. It is produced by the action of oxidizing enzymes contained in the buds and young leaves, which oxidize and ferment the contained components such as tannins, pectin, and chlorophyll. The same tea leaves can be broadly classified into fermented tea, semi-fermented tea, and non-fermented tea depending on the tea processing method, but among fermented teas, black tea is a strongly fermented (completely fermented) tea, and so-called green tea is a non-fermented tea made by heating the freshly picked leaves immediately after picking to stop the action of the oxidizing enzymes and maintain its green color.

In Japan and China, it is called black tea due to the color of the brewed liquid, but in Britain and other European countries, it is called black tea or simply tea, as the finished tea leaves are black in color, as opposed to green tea.

[Amano Shuji]

history

The method of making tea began in China and has a long history. The tea described in the "Cha Jing" written by Lu Yu during the Tang Dynasty is called cha hei, which is made by boiling and pounding the tea into a solid mass, which is what we call brick tea today. What was drunk for a long time in China was pan-fried tea, which is known as Chinese tea, and semi-fermented oolong tea and baozhong tea. It can be said that black tea was perfected to suit the tastes of Westerners after Chinese tea was introduced to Europe.

Chinese tea, introduced to Europe by the Dutch East India Company in the early 17th century, was highly valued and admired by the upper classes as a mysterious drink of the Orient. The tea boom, especially in Britain, developed into a trade war with the Orient, and Britain, with its superior naval power, won the war and shut out the Netherlands. For over 100 years from the beginning of the 18th century, the British East India Company held the monopoly on Chinese tea trade. British tastes gradually shifted from the semi-fermented oolong tea introduced by Dutch merchants to strongly fermented tea, and fully fermented black tea was created and demand for it increased. The spread of black tea was spurred by tea houses and tea gardens, which flourished along with coffee houses. The trend toward a popular society caused by the Industrial Revolution, which was also progressing at the same time, was also a factor. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the peasant class who had been dairy farmers became industrial workers and office workers, which led to a serious shortage of milk. As a result, people were encouraged to drink tea as a substitute for milk. The general public began to drink tea first with the milk added later, but the upper class continued to drink tea first with the milk added later, as they had done before. This is thought to have led to long-lasting debates about which was tastier, milk first or milk later.

In this way, the British East India Company's monopoly on importing black tea from China generated huge profits and became a major source of tax revenue, solidifying the British economy, but because it also sought to monopolize exports to America with aggressive business practices, it faced backlash in the form of the Boston Tea Party (1773), and also faced stalemates such as the one-sided trade with China, which was triggered by the Opium Wars (1841-42) triggered by opium settlements. Furthermore, with the start of the 19th century and the arrival of an era of free competition with tea clippers (fast sailing ships), Britain was forced to turn its attention to production in its own colonies.

In 1823, British Major Bruce discovered wild tea plants in Assam, a remote region of India, which was a landmark event that helped Britain achieve global domination of black tea production. In 1839, the Assam Company was established and the cultivation of Assam tea varieties was undertaken in earnest, eventually expanding into large-scale plantation-style tea gardens and developing cultivation areas such as the Darjeeling region of Bengal and the Nilgiri region of southern India, making India the world's largest black tea producer by the end of the 19th century.

When the coffee plantations of the British colony of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were destroyed by leaf rust in the 1860s, they switched to cultivating tea as an alternative crop, and the plantation-style tea plantations were successful, making Ceylon the world's second largest black tea producer after India. British East African countries also began full-scale cultivation at the beginning of the 20th century, becoming the world's third largest producer, and Britain reigned as the world's black tea kingdom until World War II.

"Cha" comes from the Chinese Cantonese pronunciation "cha," while "tea" comes from the Xiamen pronunciation "tay" or "te." According to these two genealogies, the names of tea in countries around the world are divided into two groups. Each seems to suggest the existence of a route along which tea spread, or the "Tea Road."

[Amano Shuji]

Japanese Black Tea

The Hokusa Bunryaku (compiled by Katsuragawa Hoshu, 1794), a narrative of Daikokuya Kodayu's voyage, describes how Russians drink black tea, saying, "They also drink tea regularly. Tea comes from Tretskoy (meaning Turkey) and Kitaiskoy (meaning China). It is placed in a silver jar with a spout and boiled water is poured over it to make bubble tea. To this too, a lot of sugar and milk are added. The common people dry mugwort leaves and use them to make tea. The price of tea is 100 momme, which can range from one to five silver coins." This describes how Russians drink black tea. In addition, "Japanese Tea Drinking History Materials" (Kurokawa Shindo, 1909) states, "In 1856, Emperor Komei sent an American envoy to the shogunate. Among the items was 50 jin of tea. It was found that this was the first year that American tea was imported to Japan." This American tea was probably black tea. Since Japan had Japanese-style green tea that was introduced from China, black tea was hardly drunk until the Meiji Restoration. In 1874 (Meiji 7), after the Meiji Restoration, in order to promote the tea industry through black tea exports, a tea production section was established in the Agriculture Department of the Industrial Promotion Bureau by order of the Minister of the Interior, Okubo Toshimichi, and in the following year, 1875, technicians were invited from China to train and produce tea. In the same year, technicians were sent to India and efforts were made to increase production by adopting Indian-style black tea production techniques, but problems with the climate and the tea plant varieties resulted in poor quality, and the industry was not successful as an export industry.

British Lipton black tea was first imported to Japan in 1906 (Meiji 39), and was popular as a fashionable drink, so much so that Lipton was synonymous with black tea until before the war. The first domestically produced black tea was released by Mitsui General Partnership (now Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd.), which developed tea plantations in Taiwan and sold the Mitsui Black Tea brand in 1927 (Showa 2) and Nitto Black Tea in 1931. Nitto Black Tea became so popular that it accounted for 80-90% of black tea sales in Japan and became Japan's top brand, but after World War II, the company lost all of its tea plantations, factories, and facilities in Taiwan. After the war, imports of foreign black tea were liberalized in 1971 (Showa 46).

[Amano Shuji]

Production and consumption

Black tea production accounts for about 80% of the total tea production, including green tea, etc. Most of the tea production is concentrated in the hot and humid highlands and monsoon regions of the tropical and subtropical regions straddling the Tropics of Capricorn and Capricorn.

The majority of consumers are from the UK and Commonwealth countries. Japan is a green tea producing country, so its per capita consumption is low at around 60 grams per year.

[Amano Shuji]

Manufacturing process

Before black tea is released to the market as a product, it goes through the following stages: fresh leaves → withering → rolling → fermentation → drying → finished tea → appraisal → raw tea → auction → blending → packaging.

(1) Fresh leaves: To produce high-quality tea, the new buds and two young leaves are hand-picked. This is called isshin-niyo-tsumi (picking one heart and two leaves) or uwaba-tsumi (picking the upper leaves).

(2) Withering: Spread the fresh leaves on a withering rack and dry them in the shade, or wilt them by blowing warm air on them in a withering tank.

(3) Rolling The wilted leaves are put into a rolling machine to squeeze out the juice. The rolled leaves are loosened and sieved out.

(4) Fermentation The rolled leaves are transferred to a fermentation room where they are fermented completely while controlling the temperature and humidity.

(5) Drying: After the tea leaves have fermented and turned copper-colored, they are dried in a hot air dryer by blowing hot air onto them to stop the fermentation. This is the crude tea.

(6) Finished Tea: The rough tea is sifted and classified into grades based on shape, size, etc.

(7) Appraisal The finished tea is evaluated by an appraiser using all five senses, examining the appearance, texture, aroma, taste, color of the broth, and even the tea leaves.

The appraised tea is auctioned as raw tea, and then the raw teas are blended together to create a product with stable taste and quality. There are three types of black tea available on the market: loose tea, packaged tea, and tea bags. Loose tea is a blended tea sold without packaging, and is packed in wooden boxes to eliminate the need for packaging, for bulk transactions, commercial use, and by weight. Packaged tea is almost always canned to protect against moisture and preserve it for a long time, but recently, simple packaging vacuum-packed tea using moisture-proof materials has also become available. Tea bags are a single serving of about 2 grams of CTC tea in a paper bag. It is popular for its convenience, as it can be consumed by simply pouring hot water over a cup, and consumption has been growing rapidly in recent years. In Japan, it accounts for 70% of total consumption, which is also a global trend.

[Amano Shuji]

Name and grade

Depending on the shape and size of the finished tea, it is given names and grades, such as traditional leaf grade (leaf tea style), modern broken grade (crushed tea style), and others.

[Amano Shuji]

Reef Grade

The names are derived from Chinese and are based on the shape and appearance of the tea leaves.

(1) Orange Pekoe (O.P.) The name comes from the Chinese word orange (dōng yō), and the Chinese word pekoe (bai gao) (white hair). It is a high-quality product with long, thin, wire-like leaves that contain many orange-yellow tips.

(2) Pekoe (P) - Medium quality with shorter, thicker and more curled leaves than Orange Pekoe.

(3) Pekoe Souchong (P.S.) The name Souchong comes from the Chinese word xiaoshu, which means small plant. It is a lower-grade product made from the thick, rounded leaves of the cut petiole of pekoe.

[Amano Shuji]

Broken Glade

It is a type that develops a richer flavor faster than leaf grade coffee and has become a mainstream product around the world.

(1) Broken Orange Pekoe (B.O.P.): Broken Orange Pekoe is a high-quality black tea that is the most popular leaf.

(2) Broken Pekoe (B.P.): A mid-quality product made by cutting pekoe.

(3) Broken Pekoe Souchong (B.P.S.): This is made by cutting Pekoe Souchong and is an inferior product.

[Amano Shuji]

others

Includes powdered tea type.

(1) Fanning (F): The smallest floating leaves produced by wind sorting. Orange fanning is a high-quality product that contains chips.

(2) Dust (D): Powdered tea produced by sifting.

(3) CTC Tea (Konacha) This is konacha made with a CTC (crush, tear, curl) machine at the rolling stage of the manufacturing process. It has a short steeping time and produces a rich color and flavor, making it suitable for use as an ingredient in tea bags. Black tea does not like moisture and is prone to transferring aromas, so even canned tea should be stored in a double can after the lid has been opened. Tea bags are particularly susceptible to moisture absorption from the paper bag, so they should be stored in a can or airtight container.

[Amano Shuji]

How to make tea

Tea was originally drunk for its medicinal properties, and the overall effect of tea is said to be a calming effect on the mind and body due to the three main components: caffeine (bitterness), theanine (umami), and tannin (astringency). There are a few basic rules for brewing black tea to make it taste better and take advantage of its benefits. The British Golden Rules are as follows:

(1) Avoid hard water and use fresh, newly drawn soft water.

(2) Use boiling water.

(3) The appropriate amount of tea leaves to use per serving is about 3 grams (equivalent to one heaped teaspoon), but the trick to making a good cup in the British style is to add one more cup to the number of people in the cup.

(4) Place the tea leaves in a preheated pot and pour in boiling water. The recommended steeping time is approximately 4 minutes for leaf tea and 3 minutes for broken tea.

(5) To prevent the heat inside the pot from cooling down until the steeping time is over, cover the pot with a tea lid or wrap it in a towel to keep it warm.

The black tea brewed in this way is strained through a tea strainer and poured into a cup, and then you can add milk, lemon, orange, spices, nuts, jam, liquor, etc. to your taste. The method of brewing tea bags is almost the same, but the best steeping time is about one minute.

To make iced tea, brew it stronger by either halving the amount of water or double the amount of tea leaves, then pour the hot tea into a glass already filled with ice and chill it instantly.

Another unusual way to make black tea is the Turkish style. Although Turkey is a black tea producing country, the way to drink it is not well known among the general public. The most distinctive feature of this way of making black tea is that the tea and hot water are not mixed. A two-tiered pot called a çaydanlık is used, with tea leaves in the top tier and water in the bottom tier, which is then heated. Once the tea leaves in the top tier have steamed, a small amount of hot water from the bottom tier is added, and the strong black tea is poured into a teacup, diluted appropriately with the hot water from the bottom tier, and drunk. For example, at a çayhane (tea shop) on a small hill, many cups are drunk, and the last tea is called keifçay (tea of ​​joy). The typical way to make black tea in the Russian style is different from the British and Turkish styles. Black tea leaves are placed in a pot and boiled, and the strong liquid is diluted to taste with hot water from a samovar, and then vodka, jam, etc. are added.

[Amano Shuji]

"The Happiness of Tea" by Chen Dongda (1974, Bunka Publishing Bureau)""Black Tea Reader" by Saito Tadashi (1975, Shibata Shoten)""Black Tea Technology Course" by Araki Yasumasa (1978, Shibata Shoten)""Black Tea Encyclopedia" by Amano Hideji (1980, Shobunsha) " ▽ "Taste" by Yasuda Yoko (1981, Meijiya) " ▽ "The Path of Tea" by Moriya Takeshi (1981, NHK Publishing Association)""The Story of British Black Tea" by Deguchi Yasuo (1982, Tokyo Shoseki)

Names of tea around the world
©Shogakukan ">

Names of tea around the world

How to make tea
©Shogakukan ">

How to make tea


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ツバキ科常緑樹のチャの葉を発酵、乾燥させたもの。芽や若葉に含まれている酸化酵素の働きで、含有成分のタンニン、ペクチン、クロロフィル(葉緑素)などが酸化発酵してできる。同じチャの葉から、製茶法によって大別して発酵茶、半発酵茶、不発酵茶がつくられるが、発酵茶のなかでも強発酵(完全発酵)の茶が紅茶であり、いわゆる緑茶は、摘んだ生葉にすぐ熱をかけ、酸化酵素の働きを止めて緑色を保つもので、不発酵茶である。

 日本および中国では煎(せん)じた汁の色によって紅茶というが、イギリスやヨーロッパの国々では仕上げた茶葉の色が黒いのでグリーンティー(緑茶)に対し、ブラックティーまたは単にティーとよぶ。

[天野秀二]

歴史

茶の製法は中国に始まり、その歴史は古い。唐代に陸羽(りくう)が著した『茶経(ちゃきょう)』に記されている茶は、煮て搗(つ)き固めた茶餅(ちゃへい)というものであり、今日でいう磚茶(たんちゃ)である。中国で長く愛飲されていたのはあくまでも中国茶といわれる釜炒(かまい)り茶と半発酵の烏竜茶(ウーロン茶)や包種茶(パオチョン茶)であって、紅茶は中国茶がヨーロッパへ伝わってのち、西欧人の嗜好(しこう)にあわせて完成されていったといえよう。

 17世紀の初め、オランダ東インド会社によってヨーロッパに紹介された中国茶は、東洋の神秘的な飲み物として上流社会に珍重されもてはやされた。とくにイギリスに渡って起きた茶ブームは東洋交易競争にまで発展し、海軍力に勝るイギリスが勝利を得てオランダを締め出し、18世紀初めからおよそ100年以上の間、イギリス東インド会社が中国茶貿易の独占権を握ることになる。イギリス人の嗜好は、オランダ商人によって紹介されていた半発酵のウーロン茶よりも、強発酵の茶へとしだいに移り、完全発酵の紅茶がつくられて需要も広がっていった。この紅茶の普及に拍車をかけたのは、コーヒーハウスとともに盛んにできたティーハウス、ティーガーデンである。また同時に進行していた産業革命による大衆化社会の傾向も素地になっていたといえよう。この産業革命によって、酪農を営んでいた農民階級が工業労働者やサラリーマン化したために、ミルク不足が深刻になり、ミルクの代用にティーを奨励したので、一般庶民階級にはミルクを先にティーを後で加える飲み方をしたが、上流階級はいままでどおりティーを先にミルクを後で加える飲み方を続けていたため、のちのちまでミルクが先か後か、どちらがおいしいかの論争のもとになったと思われる。

 こうしてイギリス東インド会社の中国紅茶輸入の独占体制は莫大(ばくだい)な利潤を生み、大きな税収入源となってイギリス経済は不動のものになったが、強引な商法でアメリカ輸出の独占をもねらったために、ボストン茶会事件(1773)で反発を受け、また、中国とも片貿易になって、アヘン決済が引き金となったアヘン戦争(1841~42)を起こすなどの行き詰まりも生じた。さらに19世紀に入ってティークリッパー(快速帆船)による自由競争時代を迎えたことなどから、イギリスも自国植民地生産に目を向けざるをえなくなった。

 1823年、イギリスのブルース少佐がインドの奥地アッサムで野生の茶樹を発見、これはイギリスにとって紅茶生産の世界制覇達成の画期的なできごとであった。39年にアッサム株式会社をつくってアッサム種の栽培に本格的に取り組み、やがて大規模なプランテーション(大規模農場)方式の茶園に拡大し、ベンガル州ダージリン地区、南インドのニルギリ地区など栽培地は開発されて、19世紀末までにインドは世界一の紅茶生産国となった。

 1860年代にイギリスの植民地セイロン(現スリランカ)のコーヒー園が葉銹(はさび)病によって全滅したとき、その代替作物としてチャの栽培に切り替え、プランテーション方式の茶園としたのが成功して、セイロンはインドに次ぐ世界第二の紅茶生産国となっていった。イギリス領東アフリカ諸国でも20世紀初めより本格栽培に入り、世界第三の生産地域となって、イギリスは第二次世界大戦まで紅茶王国として世界に君臨してきた。

 チャは中国広東(カントン)語の発音chaから、ティーは厦門(アモイ)系の発音tayまたはteから出ていて、この2系譜に従って世界各国の呼び名は二つのグループに分かれている。それぞれ茶の伝播(でんぱ)経路、ティー・ロードの存在がうかがえるようである。

[天野秀二]

日本の紅茶

大黒屋光太夫(だいこくやこうだゆう)の漂流記『北瑳聞略(ほくさぶんりゃく)』(桂川甫周(かつらがわほしゅう)編纂(へんさん)、1794)には、「又常に茶を用う。茶はトレツコイ(トルコの意)とキタイスコイ(中国の意)より来る。銀の壺(つぼ)にのみぐちをつけたる器に入れ熱湯をさし泡茶(だしちゃ)にしてのむ。是(これ)にも多く砂糖牛乳を加ゆるなり。賤人(かるきもの)は蓬(くさいちご)の葉を乾して茶にかへ用ゆ。茶の価(か)は百匁にて銀一枚より五枚に至る」と、ロシア人の紅茶の飲み方が紹介されている。また『日本喫茶史料』(黒川真道著・1909)に、「孝明(こうめい)天皇安政(あんせい)三年(1856)米国の使者物を幕府へ進す。其(そ)の内に茶五十斤あり。按(あん)ずるに米国製の茶の本邦に舶来せしは此(こ)の年を以(もっ)て始とす」とあり、この米国製の茶は紅茶であったかと思われる。日本には中国から伝来した日本式緑茶があったので、明治の文明開化に至るまではほとんど紅茶は飲まれなかった。維新後1874年(明治7)、紅茶輸出によって茶業振興を図るべく、内務卿(きょう)大久保利通(としみち)の命によって勧業寮農務課に製茶係が設けられ、翌75年には中国より技術者を招いて伝習と製造を行っている。さらに同年には技術員をインドに派遣し、インド風紅茶製法も取り入れて生産に力を注いだが、気候と茶樹品種に問題があって品質が悪く、輸出産業としては成功しなかった。

 イギリスのリプトン紅茶が初めて日本に輸入されたのは1906年(明治39)であり、ハイカラな飲み物として好まれ、戦前まではリプトンは紅茶の代名詞といわれるほどであった。国産としては、三井合名会社(現在の三井農林株式会社)が台湾に茶園を開発して、27年(昭和2)に三井紅茶、31年に日東紅茶のブランドで発売したのが最初である。この日東紅茶は国内紅茶販売の80~90%を占めるまでに普及し日本のトップ銘柄になったが、第二次世界大戦後は台湾における茶園、工場、施設をすべて失うことになった。戦後、外国紅茶の輸入が自由化されたのは1971年(昭和46)である。

[天野秀二]

生産と消費

紅茶の生産高は、緑茶などを含む茶全体の生産量の約80%を占めている。生産地域は北・南回帰線にまたがる熱帯・亜熱帯地域の高温多湿の高地、モンスーン地域にほとんど集中している。

 消費国はイギリスおよびイギリス連邦諸国が圧倒的に多い。日本は緑茶国であるので、1人当り消費量も年間約60グラムと少ない。

[天野秀二]

製造工程

紅茶が商品として市場に出るまでに、生葉(なまは)→萎凋(いちょう)→揉捻(じゅうねん)→発酵→乾燥→仕上げ茶→鑑定→原料茶→競売→配合→包装という順序をたどる。

(1)生葉 良質の茶をつくるためには、新芽と2枚の若葉を手摘みする。これを一心二葉(いっしんによう)摘み、または上葉(うわば)摘みという。

(2)萎凋 生葉を萎凋棚に広げ、陰干し、または萎凋槽で温風を吹き付けて、しおれさす。

(3)揉捻 しおれた葉を揉捻機にかけてもみながら汁液を絞り出す。もまれて塊になった葉の玉を解きほぐしてふるい分けする。

(4)発酵 揉捻葉を発酵室に移し、温度や湿度を調節しながら完全発酵させる。

(5)乾燥 発酵して赤銅色に変じた茶葉に高温空気を送って発酵を止め、熱風乾燥機にかけて乾燥させる。これが荒茶である。

(6)仕上げ茶 荒茶をふるいにかけ、形状、大きさなどによって等級分類する。

(7)鑑定 仕上げ茶は鑑定者によって外観、手ざわり、香り、味、水色(すいしょく)(汁の色)、茶殻まで、すべて五感による官能検査で評価を受ける。

 鑑定された茶は原料茶として競売にかけられたのち、味や品質の安定した商品化のために原料茶どうしが配合(ブレンド)される。市販されている紅茶は、ばら茶、包装茶、ティーバッグの3種類である。ばら茶は、裸のまま販売する配合茶のことで、包装の手間を省いて木箱入りなどにされ、大口取引用、業務用、計り売り用にされる。包装茶は、防湿、長期保存のためにほとんど缶詰にされるが、最近では防湿素材を使って真空パックした簡易包装のものも出回っている。ティーバッグは、CTCティー約2グラムを1人分として紙袋に入れたもので、カップに入れ熱湯を注げば飲める簡便さが好まれ、近年急速に消費が伸びている。日本では全消費量の70%を占めるようになっているが、これは世界的な傾向でもある。

[天野秀二]

名称と等級

仕上げ茶の形状およびサイズによって伝統的なリーフグレード(葉茶スタイル)、近代的なブロークングレード(砕茶スタイル)、その他に区分した名称と等級がつけられている。

[天野秀二]

リーフグレード

茶葉の形状、外観を重視して中国語からきた名称がつけられている。

(1)オレンジ・ペコー(O・P) オレンジは中国語の橙黄(とうこう)、ペコーは中国語の白毫(はくごう)(白い毛)からきた名称。橙黄色の芯芽(チップ)を多く含んだ細い針金状の長い葉の意で上級品。

(2)ペコー(P) オレンジ・ペコーよりも短く太めでよくよれた葉で中級品。

(3)ペコー・スーチョン(P・S) スーチョンとは中国語の小種(しょうしゅ)(小さな植物の意)からきた名称。ペコーの葉柄部分の切り頭で太く丸く仕上げられた葉で下級品。

[天野秀二]

ブロークングレード

リーフグレードよりも早く濃厚な味がでるタイプで、世界の主流商品となっている。

(1)ブロークン・オレンジ・ペコー(B・O・P) オレンジ・ペコーを切断したもので、紅茶のなかではもっとも需要の多い葉で上級品。

(2)ブロークン・ペコー(B・P) ペコーを切断したもので中級品。

(3)ブロークン・ペコー・スーチョン(B・P・S) ペコー・スーチョンを切断したもので下級品。

[天野秀二]

その他

粉茶タイプが含まれる。

(1)ファニング(F) 風選で出た浮葉でもっとも小形の葉。オレンジ・ファニングはチップを含んだ上級品。

(2)ダスト(D) ふるい分けで出る粉茶。

(3)CTCティー(粉茶) 製造工程の揉捻の段階でCTC(crushつぶし、tearひきさき、curlまるめる)機でつくる粉茶。浸出時間が短くて濃厚な色と味が出るため、ティーバッグの原料に向いている。紅茶は湿気を嫌い、また香りも移りやすいので、缶詰のものでも蓋(ふた)をあけたならば二重缶で保管する。ティーバッグはとくに袋の紙が吸湿しやすいので、缶や密閉容器に入れて保存する。

[天野秀二]

紅茶のいれ方

茶はもともと薬用効果が認められて飲まれるようになったもので、総じて茶の効用とはカフェイン(苦味)、テアニン(うま味)、タンニン(渋味)の三大成分による心身への鎮静作用といえる。その効用を生かしたおいしいいれ方は、紅茶の場合もいくつか基本的なルールがあげられる。イギリス式のゴールデンルールによると次のようになる。

(1)水は硬水を避け、くみたての新鮮な軟水を用いる。

(2)沸騰している湯を用いる。

(3)茶葉の適量は1人分約3グラム(ティースプーン山盛り1杯相当分)であるが、人数分プラス1杯がイギリス流においしくいれるこつである。

(4)あらかじめ温めておいたポットに茶葉を入れ熱湯を注ぐが、浸出時間はリーフタイプでおよそ4分前後、ブロークンタイプで3分前後が目安とされる。

(5)浸出時間が終わるまでポット内の熱が冷めないように、茶帽子をかぶせたり、タオルを巻いたりして保温する。

 こうしていれた紅茶は茶漉(ちゃこ)しで漉してカップに注ぎ、好みにあわせてミルク、レモン、オレンジ、スパイス、ナッツ、ジャム、洋酒などを加えて飲む。ティーバッグのいれ方もほぼ同じであるが、浸出時間は1分程度がよい。

 アイスティーは、湯の量を半分にするか、または茶葉の量を2倍にして濃くいれ、あらかじめ氷を入れて用意したグラスに熱い紅茶を注いで瞬間的に冷やしてつくる。

 このほか変わった紅茶のいれ方にトルコ式がある。トルコは紅茶産出国にもかかわらず、その飲み方については一般にあまり知られていない。このいれ方でもっとも特徴的なことは、茶と湯をいっしょにしないことである。チャイダンルックという二段重ねのポットを用い、上段に茶葉、下段に水を入れて火にかけ、上段の茶葉が蒸されたところに下段の湯を少量入れ、濃くいれた紅茶をティーカップに注ぎ、下段ポットの湯で適宜薄めて飲む。たとえば、小高い丘の上のチャイハネ(茶店)で何杯も飲み、最後に飲む茶はケイフチャイ(喜びの茶)という。また、ロシア式紅茶の代表的ないれ方はイギリス式、トルコ式とも違って、ポットの中に紅茶の葉を入れて煮出し、濃い液をサモワールの熱湯で好みに薄めて、ウォツカ、ジャムなどを入れて飲む。

[天野秀二]

『陳東達著『茶の口福』(1974・文化出版局)』『斉藤禎著『紅茶読本』(1975・柴田書店)』『荒木安正著『紅茶技術講座』(1978・柴田書店)』『天野秀二著『紅茶百科』(1980・昭文社)』『安田容子著『嗜好』(1981・明治屋)』『守屋毅著『お茶のきた道』(1981・日本放送出版協会)』『出口保夫著『英国紅茶の話』(1982・東京書籍)』

世界各国の茶の呼び名
©Shogakukan">

世界各国の茶の呼び名

紅茶のいれ方
©Shogakukan">

紅茶のいれ方


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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