Yalta Conference - Yarutakaidan

At the end of World War II, from February 4 to 11, 1945, the three leaders of the United States, F. D. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, the Soviet Union's premier, met in Yalta, a resort town on the Crimean Peninsula in the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian Republic (now Ukraine), to discuss the basic policy for postwar settlement. Officially, it was called the Crimean Conference. The items that were agreed upon on the final day were summarized as four documents: (1) a communiqué of the three leaders, (2) a protocol on the proceedings of the Crimean Conference (the so-called Yalta Agreement), (3) a protocol on German reparations, and (4) an agreement on the Soviet Union's entry into the war against Japan (the so-called Secret Yalta Agreement). Of these, (1) and (3) were confirmations by the three leaders of the important items of (2) in the Yalta Agreement, and in reality, (2) and (4) were the focus of the discussion. First, the main points of agreement in the Yalta Agreement (2) were: (1) the date and venue for the convening of the conference to establish a world organization (the United Nations); (2) the admission of the Soviet Union, Ukraine, and the Republic of Belorussia (present-day Belarus) separately to the world organization, with the Soviet Union effectively having three votes; (3) the recognition of the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council; (4) the creation of a trusteeship system; (5) the declaration of a Liberated Europe; (6) the decision to divide and occupy Germany; (7) France's participation in the occupation of Germany; (8) the collection of reparations from Germany and the establishment of a Reparation Commission; (9) an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to set the total amount of reparations from Germany at $20 billion, with 50 percent of that amount being allocated to the Soviet Union (Britain was reserved); (10) the punishment of war criminals; and (11) the establishment of the Polish national unification by adding democratic forces inside and outside Poland to the existing Polish Provisional Government. [12] Poland's eastern border would be roughly the Curzon Line, with Poland expanding its territory in the north and west. [13] With regard to Yugoslavia, a new government would be established in accordance with the Tito-Shubashcz Agreement (a coalition government agreement concluded in November 1944 between partisan leader Tito and British-backed politician Shubashcz), and the Anti-Fascist Council for National Liberation would be expanded to become a Provisional National Assembly. [14] The foreign ministers of the three countries would meet regularly every three to four months (a Council of Foreign Ministers would be established), with the meetings to be held in rotation in the capitals of the three countries, with the first meeting to be held in London. [15] A Soviet proposal to revise the Montreux Convention (an international treaty of 1936 concerning navigation through the Dardanelles and Bosphorus) would be considered at the first Foreign Ministers' Council meeting.

Meanwhile, the contents of the Yalta Secret Agreement were as follows: The Soviet Union would join the war against Japan two to three months after Germany's surrender under the following conditions: (1) maintaining the status quo in Outer Mongolia, (2) returning the southern part of Sakhalin (Karafuto), (3) internationalizing the port of Dalian and recognizing the Soviet Union's priority, (4) recognizing the lease of Port Arthur as a Soviet military port, (5) operating the South Manchuria Railway and the East China Railway as a joint Sino-Soviet venture, and (6) handing over the Kuril Islands. Of this series of agreements, only the communiqué of the three leaders was announced on February 12, 1945; the Yalta Secret Agreement was announced one year later on February 11, 1946, and the Yalta Agreement itself was announced on March 24, 1947, both of which were unilaterally announced by the U.S. State Department. It cannot be denied that the series of agreements reached at the Yalta Conference were the starting point of the postwar international political system, or the "Yalta System," but there are also many who criticize it as an agreement to divide the world among the great powers.

[Shunichi Fujimura]

"From Yalta to Potsdam: The Starting Point of the Postwar World" by Gerd Lessing, translated by Masamori Sase (1971, Nansosha) " "Yalta: The Starting Point of Postwar History" by Makoto Fujimura (1985, Iwanami Shoten) " "The Yalta Conference: The Division of the World" by Arthur Comte, translated by Toshiaki Yamaguchi (1986, Simul Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

第二次世界大戦末期の1945年2月4～11日、アメリカの大統領F・D・ルーズベルト、イギリスの首相チャーチル、ソ連の首相スターリンの3首脳がソ連、ウクライナ共和国（現ウクライナ）のクリミア半島の保養地ヤルタYaltaで、戦後処理の基本方針について協議した会談。正式にはクリミア会談という。最終日に合意に達した事項は、(1)3首脳のコミュニケ、(2)クリミア会談の議事に関する議定書（いわゆるヤルタ協定）、(3)ドイツ賠償に関する議定書、(4)ソ連の対日参戦に関する協定（いわゆるヤルタ秘密協定）の四つにまとめられた。このうち(1)と(3)は(2)のヤルタ協定の重要項目をとくに3首脳が確認したもので、実質的には(2)と(4)が中心である。まず、(2)のヤルタ協定のおもな合意事項は、〔1〕世界機構（国際連合）の設立会議の開催日と開催地の決定、〔2〕ソ連のほかにウクライナ、ベロルシア（現ベラルーシ）各共和国が別個に世界機構に加入し、ソ連は実質的に3票の表決権をもつこと、〔3〕安全保障理事会における常任理事国の拒否権の承認、〔4〕信託統治制度の創設、〔5〕解放ヨーロッパ宣言、〔6〕ドイツ分割占領の決定、〔7〕フランスのドイツ占領参加、〔8〕ドイツからの賠償取立てと賠償委員会の設置、〔9〕ドイツからの賠償総額を200億ドルとし、うち50％をソ連割当てとすることの米ソの合意（イギリスは保留）、〔10〕戦争犯罪人の処罰、〔11〕現在のポーランド臨時政府にポーランド内外の民主勢力を加え、ポーランド国民統一臨時政府を設立し、米英ソ3国が承認すること、〔12〕ポーランドの東部国境をほぼカーゾン線とし、ポーランドは北部、西部で領土を拡張すること、〔13〕ユーゴスラビアに関し、チトー‐シュバシチ協定（1944年11月、パルチザンの指導者チトーとイギリスの推す政治家シュバシチとの間で結ばれた連立政権協定）により新政府を樹立し、国民解放反ファシズム評議会を拡大して臨時国会とすること、〔14〕3国外相は3～4か月ごとに定期会合をもち（外相理事会の設置）、会合は3国の首都で輪番で開催し、第1回はロンドンで開くこと、〔15〕モントルー条約（ダーダネルス、ボスポラス両海峡の航行に関する36年の国際条約）の改訂に関するソ連の提案を第1回外相理事会で検討すること、などであった。

　一方、ヤルタ秘密協定の内容は以下のとおり。ソ連はドイツ降伏の2～3か月後、次の条件で日本に対する戦争に参加する。〔1〕外蒙古(もうこ)の現状維持、〔2〕サハリン（樺太(からふと)）南部の返還、〔3〕大連港の国際化とソ連の優先権の承認、〔4〕旅順港のソ連軍港としての租借権の承認、〔5〕南満州鉄道、東支鉄道の中ソ合弁による運営、〔6〕千島(ちしま)列島の引渡し。これら一連の協約のうち、3首脳コミュニケが1945年2月12日に発表されただけで、ヤルタ秘密協定は1年後の46年2月11日、ヤルタ協定は47年3月24日、それぞれアメリカ国務省から一方的に発表された。ヤルタ会談の一連の取決めは、戦後国際政治体制すなわち「ヤルタ体制」の出発点であることは否定できないが、大国による世界分割の合意だと非難する声も大きい。

［藤村瞬一］

『ゲルト・レッシンク著、佐瀬昌盛訳『ヤルタからポツダムへ――戦後世界の出発点』（1971・南窓社）』▽『藤村信著『ヤルタ――戦後史の起点』（1985・岩波書店）』▽『アルチュール・コント著、山口俊章訳『ヤルタ会談――世界の分割』（1986・サイマル出版会）』

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