Linguistics is a field that studies the structure and function of language under the assumption that language is not a collection of random components, but has a certain structure and system. In this sense, almost all current linguistics is based on this perspective to a greater or lesser extent. The 19th century Kazan School is considered to be the pioneer, but the catalyst for the popularity of structural linguistic research was Saussure's Course in General Linguistics (1916). The activities of the Prague School of N. Trubetzkoy and R. Jacobson, the Copenhagen School of L. Hjelmslev, and the American structuralists in the narrow sense starting with L. Bloomfield, among others, developed rapidly from around 1930. Although each school has different focus of interest and research methods, they share a fundamental view of language. Generative grammar, which is currently attracting attention, is methodologically opposed to structural linguistics in the narrow sense, but can be included in structural linguistics in the broad sense in that it seeks to elucidate the structure of language, focusing on sentences. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
言語はばらばらな成分の寄せ集めではなく,一定の構造・体系をもつものである,という想定のもとに,その構造と機能を研究しようとする言語学。この意味では,現在の言語学はほとんどすべて,多かれ少なかれこの観点に立っている。 19世紀のカザン学派が先駆者とみられるが,構造的言語研究の盛んになるきっかけとなったのは,ソシュールの『一般言語学講義』 (1916) である。 N.トルベツコイ,R.ヤコブソンらのプラハ学派,L.イェルムスレウらのコペンハーゲン学派,L.ブルームフィールドに始るアメリカの狭義の構造主義者などの活動が,1930年頃から急速に発展した。それぞれ興味の中心や研究法に違いはあるが,根本的な言語観には共通点がある。現在注目を集めている生成文法は,方法論的に狭義の構造言語学とは対立するが,文を中心に言語の構造を解明しようとしている意味で広義の構造言語学に入れることができる。
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