Koushin faith - Koushinshinko

Japanese: 庚申信仰 - こうしんしんこう
Koushin faith - Koushinshinko

It is a religious event held on the day of the Koshin (a day of the god of the zodiac) which comes around every 60 days or 60 years, and is one of the combinations of the Tenkanji and the Twelve Branches of the Earth. It originally originated from the Taoist theory of the Sanshi (three corpses). On the night of the Koshin, a bug called the Sanshi, which lives inside the human body, watches the person sleep, rises to the sky, and tells the Heavenly Emperor of the person's sins. The Heavenly Emperor then causes the person to die young. Therefore, in order to live a long life, one should stay awake that night and be careful. This is called Shu Koshin. The theory of the Sanshi has been preached since the Jin Dynasty in China, but in Japan, Shu Koshin was practiced in the aristocratic society of the Heian period. Then, around the Muromachi period, when the "Koushin Engi" was created by monks, it gradually took on a Buddhist color, and Koshin memorial towers and other structures began to be built. Meanwhile, it spread among the general public, linking up with village society's associations and the like, and taking root in the form of the customs of holding Koshin festivals all night long, such as Koshin-ko and Koshin-machi. However, since Koshin-sama did not have a specific object of worship, it was influenced by the Buddhism and Shintoism of the time, and in many cases Shomen Kongo or Sarutahiko no Okami were the principal deities. It seems that the relationship between Koshin and monkeys and the syncretism with roadside guardians were also linked in this process. In any case, it seems that the core of Koshin faith was staying up all night, and there are still taboos against sleeping, such as that children conceived on this night will become thieves, and that "storytelling on Koshin night."

[Masaru Sasaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

十干十二支の組合せの一つで、60日または60年ごとに巡ってくる庚申(かのえさる)の日に営まれる信仰行事。元来は道教の三尸(さんし)の説に端を発している。人の体内にいる三尸という虫が、庚申の夜に人が眠るのを見澄まして天に昇り、天帝にその人の罪を告げる。すると、天帝はその人を早死にさせるというのである。したがって、長生きするためには、その夜は眠らないで身を慎むのである。これを守(しゅ)庚申という。三尸の説は中国では晋(しん)の時代から説かれていたというが、日本では平安時代の貴族社会において守庚申が行われてきた。そして、僧侶(そうりょ)の手によって『庚申縁起』がつくられるようになる室町時代ごろから、しだいに仏教的な色彩を帯び、庚申供養塔などが造立されるようになった。一方、民間にも広まり、村落社会の講組織などと結び付いて、仲間とともに徹夜で庚申の祭事を営む習俗である庚申講や庚申待(まち)といった形で定着していくのである。ただ、庚申様といっても信仰対象が特定されていたわけではないので、その時々の仏教や神道(しんとう)の影響を受けたのであるが、青面(しょうめん)金剛や猿田彦大神(さるたひこのおおかみ)を本尊とする場合が多い。庚申と猿との関係や道祖神との習合もそうした過程で結び付いたようである。いずれにしても、庚申信仰の中心は夜籠(よごも)りするということであったらしく、この夜できた子供は泥棒になるとか、「話は庚申の夜」というような眠ることに対する禁忌がいまだに伝えられている。

[佐々木勝]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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