A collective term for laws that Britain used to monopolize trade with its own ships. They were issued several times from the reign of Richard II at the end of the 14th century, but the most famous was the one enacted by the republican government in 1651 during the Puritan Revolution. It stipulated that goods imported to Britain and its colonies from outside Europe must be transported by ships whose owners, captains, and crew were all British, and that goods imported from Europe must be transported by British ships or ships of the country where the goods were produced or originally shipped. This law was reaffirmed after the Restoration in 1660 with some changes, but the 1660 law strengthened the previous law and added that ships must be built in Britain or the British colonies. The 1663 law was even stricter, requiring goods from European countries to pass through Britain. These laws forced colonial merchants to make extra voyages and were also the cause of two Anglo-Dutch wars (1652-54, 1665-67). The Navigation Act was amended in 1849 to include the English Navigation Act, which was amended in 1850 by the Dutch government in order to improve trade relations with the United Kingdom. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
イギリスが自国船による貿易独占をはかった法律の総称。航海条例ともいう。 14世紀末リチャード2世の治世より数次にわたって発布されたが,最も有名なのは清教徒革命中の 1651年共和国政府が制定したもの。イギリスとその植民地にヨーロッパ以外の地から輸入される商品は,船主,船長,船員の全部がイギリス人である船舶によって輸送されること,ヨーロッパからの輸入物品はイギリス船かその物品生産国または最初の積出し国の船で輸送すること,などを規定した。この法律は若干の変更を加えて 60年王政復古後も再確認されたが,60年の法律は以前の法律を強化したもので,船舶もイギリスまたはイギリス植民地で建造されたものを使用することがつけ加えられた。 63年の法律はさらにきびしいもので,ヨーロッパ諸国の商品は,イギリス本国を経由しなければならないとした。これらの法律により,植民地の商人はそれだけ余分な航海を強いられるとともに,2度のイギリス=オランダ戦争 (1652~54,65~67) の原因ともなった。しかしオランダの海上輸送の独占を打破して,イギリス海運の発展に寄与した。 18世紀後半より自由貿易の主張が強まるとともに,航海法も批判を受けるようになり,1849年廃止された。
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