Community - Chikishakai (English spelling) community

Japanese: 地域社会 - ちいきしゃかい(英語表記)community
Community - Chikishakai (English spelling) community

It refers to the unity of social life formed within a certain geographical area. The scope of a local community can be thought of as, on the one hand, neighborhood relationships centered on family groups as places of residence and consumption, and on the other hand, as something that includes not only places of residence and consumption but also companies and business establishments as places of productive labor, entertainment districts as places of leisure activities, etc.

Of course, as in the lives of people of a generation ago, when consumer life, productive labor, and leisure activities were carried out in the same area as family and village society, the areas of these activities overlapped, but as productive labor and leisure activities gradually move away from family and village society and are carried out in different places and under different social relations, understanding and grasping of local communities are divided into those that emphasize the consumer aspect and those that understand it to include the areas of productive labor and leisure activities. In this way, it would be inappropriate to lumping together, in our understanding of local communities, the village-like ties that have formed spontaneously and autonomously over hundreds of years or generations and the regional cohesion that is created when mobile and mobile people settle and live together in a certain area and make efforts and efforts to create a town that is as livable as possible.

Among local communities, there are those that are strongly "created," such as village communities and hometowns, and those that are strongly "created" through the agreement, solidarity, and joint activities of the residents. Therefore, when thinking about local communities in Japan today and in the future, it would be more appropriate and reasonable to think of them as something that is consciously and planned and created by people with common goals and interests, rather than understanding them as a naturally occurring, self-generated local unity.

[Kyōichi Sonoda]

"Modern Community Theory" by Kyoichi Sonoda (1978, University of Tokyo Press) " ▽ "Community Theory" edited by Otohiko Hasumi and Michihiro Okuda (1980, Yuhikaku)

[Reference] | Community | Social Studies

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一定の地域的範域において形成される人々の社会生活のまとまりをいう。地域社会の範域としては、一つには、居住の場、消費の場としての家族集団を中心とした近隣関係を、いま一つには、居住の場や消費の場だけではなく、生産労働の場としての企業体とか事業所や、余暇活動の場としての盛り場などを含んだものを考えることができるといえよう。

 もとより、一時代前の人間の暮らしのように、消費生活や生産労働や余暇活動などの営みが家族や村社会の人々と同一地域でなされていたときには、これらの活動の場は重なっていたのであるが、しだいしだいに、生産労働や余暇活動の場が家族や村社会から離れて、別の場所で、別の社会関係のもとで営まれるようになると、地域社会の理解や把握においても、消費生活の場面に力点を置くものと、生産労働や余暇活動の場を含めて理解するものとに分かれてくる。このようにみてくると、地域社会の理解においても、何百年とか何世代にもわたって自然発生的、自生的に形成されてきた村的結合と、流動し移動する人々が一定地域に定住し、共住することを契機として、すこしでも住みよい街づくりへとお互いが努力し、取り組んでいくなかでつくられていく地域的まとまりとを、一つにくくってとらえるというのは妥当ではない、ということになるであろう。

 地域社会のうちにも、村社会や生まれ故郷とかいった「生み込まれる」という色彩が濃いものと、住民の合意や連帯や共同の活動のなかから「つくられる」という性格の強いものとの二つがあわせ存在しているのである。それゆえ、今日、そして今後の日本における地域社会というものを考える場合には、それを自然発生的、自生的な地域的なまとまりであると理解するよりも、共通の目標や関心をもつ人々が意識的、計画的につくりあげていくものだととらえるほうがより適切で妥当であろう。

[園田恭一]

『園田恭一著『現代コミュニティ論』(1978・東京大学出版会)』『蓮見音彦・奥田道大編『地域社会論』(1980・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | コミュニティ | 地域社会学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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