Public interest corporation - Koueki Hojin

Japanese: 公益法人 - こうえきほうじん
Public interest corporation - Koueki Hojin

A corporation that has the purpose of providing public service (benefit to an unspecified number of people) in the form of religious rites, religion, charity, academia, arts and crafts, and does not have the purpose of profiting. As opposed to a for-profit corporation. However, it is said that a corporation with the purpose of providing public service does not go against its true purpose of providing public service if it engages in ancillary profit-making businesses to secure funds for its business operations. There are two types of public service corporations: incorporated associations and incorporated foundations. In order to establish a public service corporation, it is necessary to carry out the acts of incorporation (preparing articles of incorporation and donations, etc.) and obtain permission from the competent authorities (permission principle; Civil Code, Article 34). The legislative intent of this permission principle is said to be that public service corporations are sometimes given benefits such as tax exemptions and grants, and therefore it is necessary to supervise them, and to prevent fraud in the name of the public interest.

The establishment, organization, and dissolution of public interest corporations are stipulated in detail in the Civil Code (Article 37 onwards). In addition, the business of corporations is subject to the supervision of the competent authorities, but the 1979 (Showa 54) amendment allowed the competent authorities to issue orders to corporations as necessary for supervision (Article 67 of the same law). Special laws have been established for important public interest corporations such as school corporations, social welfare corporations, medical corporations, and religious corporations, and the provisions of the Civil Code do not directly apply to them.

[Takahisa Awaji]

[Reference item] | Corporation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

祭祀(さいし)、宗教、慈善、学術、技芸その他の公益(不特定多数の者の利益)を目的とし、かつ営利を目的としない法人。営利法人に対する。ただし、公益を目的とする法人が、その事業経営の資金を確保するため付随的に収益事業を営んでも、公益を目的とする本質には反しないとされる。公益法人には、社団法人と財団法人の二つの形態がある。公益法人を設立するためには、設立行為をして(定款・寄付行為の作成など)、主務官庁の許可を得ることが必要である(許可主義。民法34条)。この許可主義の立法趣旨は、公益法人に対しては免税の特典や助成金の交付などの利益が与えられることがあるから、これを監督する必要があり、また公益の名のもとに、不正が行われるのを防止する必要があるからだといわれる。

 公益法人の設立・機関・解散については民法(37条以下)に詳しい規定が置かれている。また、法人の業務は主務官庁の監督に属するが、1979年(昭和54)の改正で、主務官庁は法人に対し監督上必要な命令をなすことができるものとされた(同法67条)。公益法人のうち、学校法人、社会福祉法人、医療法人、宗教法人などの重要なものについては、それぞれ特別法が定められており、民法の規定は直接には適用されない。

[淡路剛久]

[参照項目] | 法人

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