A group formed mainly in the local community to achieve religious, economic, or professional goals. Members are called kōchū or kōin. Originally, it meant a meeting of monks and nuns to preach on Buddhist scriptures, or a group of such monks and nuns. Although such Buddhist-related kō are still held today, the content of the kō has become very diverse. They can be broadly categorized into (1) religious kō, (2) economic kō, and (3) professional kō. [Masaru Sasaki] Faith lectureA group formed by people with the same faith can be divided into two types: those based on temple and shrine faith, and those based on traditional folk faith. The former are often seen when sects, temples, or shrines organize them to expand their religious organizations, and their purpose is to attract and unite believers. Examples include the Hoonko of the Jodo Shinshu sect and the Hokkeko of the Nichiren sect. Among the various Buddhist sects, this method of organization was characteristic of so-called popular Buddhism, which spread among the general public with incredible force especially after the Middle Ages. There are also groups such as the Eiheijiko, Zenkojiko, and Naritako, which are aimed at famous temples. In addition, Oshi (master priests) were active in the Kumano Sanzan at the end of the Heian period. When making a pilgrimage, a person would stay at a specific monk's lodgings and ask for prayers, and the term "Oshi" came to be used for short. These prayer masters came to have shidan relationships with believers in various regions. Later, the Oshi system was adopted at Ise, Kamo, Yasaka, Kitano Shrine, and other places. Their main duties were arranging accommodation and distributing talismans, but it should not be overlooked that they were the driving force behind the formation of daisanko (deputy pilgrims' associations) all over the country. The Ise ko is the most typical example of this. There are countless other ko, such as the Akiha ko, Inari ko, Konpira ko, Tsushima ko, Haruna ko, Fuji ko, Furumine ko, and Mitsumine ko, each linked to their own divine blessings. Among these are those with strong Shugendo influences that developed from mountain worship, such as the Omine sect, Dewa Sanzan sect, and Ishizuchi sect, as well as those based on sectarian Shinto, such as the Taisha sect and Fuso sect. If we subdivide the above-mentioned groups based on temple and shrine faith, we can find groups of Buddhist origin and groups of Shinto origin, but in both cases, the object of worship is outside the village in which the group resides, and they adopt the method of proxy pilgrimage. A proxy pilgrimage is when a member of the group appoints a proxy to visit the object of worship, the temple or shrine. The proxy, selected by lottery or rotation, uses a saved group contribution for travel expenses and worship fees, and receives a talisman from the group. Therefore, these groups are essentially voluntary organizations of worshippers, but in the case of the Ise group, which has a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages, and groups that are linked to the common interests of the local community, participation is often on a regional basis. In contrast, ko based on folk beliefs are usually held within villages. Although mountain and rice field ko have taken various forms in response to the conditions of the local community that maintains them, in many cases, the entire area, such as a village, is formed as a single unit. In such places, the days of the mountain and rice field ko meetings are often also the days of village meetings. Mountain and rice field ko meetings are usually held in two seasons, spring and autumn. They gather at a predetermined house on duty, pay respects at the mountain god's shrine and worship a hanging scroll, and then eat and drink together. On the other hand, rice field ko meetings are held at similar times of the year, such as rice planting and harvesting. In places where they are held before rice planting, they may stay in seclusion. In both cases, the purpose is to pray for safe work and a good harvest. Similar events include the Shanichi and Himachi ko meetings. Furthermore, there are groups that aim to bring specific benefits, such as Koyasu, Kannon, Jizo, and even Nembutsu groups. As these have limited objectives, their membership is naturally limited, and they are made up of women within the village. Furthermore, the supporters of some groups may differ according to age, with Koyasu groups being supported by younger people and Nembutsu groups by older people. Tenjin groups run by children are particularly notable. They gather on the 25th of the New Year at the home of older children, practice calligraphy, and then cook and eat a meal of gomoku rice. Tenjin-sama is probably associated with children because he is the god of learning, but in the Boso region there are even some that are gender-specific, with male Tenjin and female Tenjin. I have mentioned the groups based on folk beliefs, but if these are groups that are conscious of specific deities, then the Koushin group, Juukuya group, and Nijusanya group can be said to be groups that are conscious of specific dates and times. The Koushin group is a group that purifies itself on the day of the Koushin of the Chinese zodiac, gathers, worships a hanging scroll, recites the Heart Sutra, and then spends the night chatting. There is even a saying in various places that goes, "Talk on the night of Koushin." Both the Juukuya group and the Nijusanya group are types of Tsukimachi, but today they are groups that are mainly for women. Both the Koushin group and the Tsukimachi group were originally groups that aimed to stay in seclusion, but these types are gradually becoming household festivals. The Daishi group, held on November 23rd of the lunar calendar, is called a group, but it is a household festival. Originally, it seems to have had the meaning of welcoming and worshiping the divine child, but as of now there are no cases of groups worshiping it. [Masaru Sasaki] Economic lectureThe purpose of these associations was to provide mutual economic assistance, and they were formed out of the need to lend goods, money, and labor. It is said that these also originally developed from financial associations within temples, and were secondary to religious associations. In reality, they can be divided into financial associations that focus on money and goods, such as Tanomoshiko and Mujinko, and labor associations that focus on labor. Financial associations such as Tanomoshiko and Mujinko are usually formed around a promoter called an oya (parent). A certain number of shares are decided and contributions are collected according to the number, and money and goods are received according to the order drawn by lottery or ticket. Once the money has been distributed among the members, the association is dissolved. In the case of money, it is called Kane Tanomoshi, and in the case of goods, it is called Kaya Tanomoshi or Tatami Mujin, Rice Association, Rice Hull Tanomoshi, Futon Tanomoshi, Cow Tanomoshi, Chest Tanomoshi, etc., depending on the object of the association. There are several types of labor groups, including Moyai-ko and Yui-ko. Moyai has a strong connotation of cooperation and sharing, and is formed when close friends need to work together. It is not a gathering for the purpose of lending or borrowing labor. In contrast, Yui is based on the exchange of labor. Therefore, when it is not an equal exchange, people will compensate with goods or other items. It is widely held when it is necessary to rely on shared strength, such as changing roofs, planting rice, or harvesting. It is a union between households with local ties, such as neighbors or groups. [Masaru Sasaki] Professional lecturesThey are organized by occupational groups and have a strong trade guild element. There are two types of Yama no Kami ko: those run by farmers and those run by people involved in mountain work. The religious ko we looked at is the former. The latter Yama no Kami ko are limited to those who make a living in the mountains, such as charcoal burners, hunters and woodcutters. The days on which ko are held vary, but they all have one thing in common - they always take a day off from work. An image of the mountain god is hung and worshiped with offerings of fish with head and tail, red rice and other foods. The Taishi ko is a Himachi ko held in January and August and is run by craftsmen such as carpenters, plasterers, roofers, blacksmiths and barrel makers. Other well-known sects include the (Bato) Kannon sect made up of horsemen, the Dainichi sect made up of cattlemen, the Suwa sect made up of hunters from northern Kanto, and the Ebisu sect made up of merchants. [Masaru Sasaki] "Studies on Mountain Village Life" edited by Kunio Yanagita (1938/reprinted 1975, Kokusho Kankokai)" ▽ "Studies on the Process of the Establishment of Ko Groups" by Tokutarou Sakurai (1962, Yoshikawa Kobunkan) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地域社会をおもな母体として、信仰、経済、職業上の目的を達成するために結ばれた集団。構成員を講中とか講員という。本来は仏典を講説するための僧尼の会合やその団体を意味していた。現在でもそうした仏教関係の講は行われているが、講の内容は非常に多様化している。それらを大別すると、(1)信仰的講、(2)経済的講、(3)職業的講になる。 [佐々木勝] 信仰的講同じ信仰をもつ者が結成している講で、寺社信仰に基づいた講と、伝統的な民俗信仰を基盤とした講とに分けることができる。前者は宗派や寺院、神社側が自らの教団を拡張するために組織した場合に多くみられ、信者の獲得や結束をその目的としている。浄土真宗の報恩講や日蓮(にちれん)宗の法華(ほっけ)講などがそれにあたる。仏教諸宗のなかでもとくに中世以後すさまじい勢いで一般民衆に浸透していった、いわゆる庶民仏教に特徴的にみられた組織づくりの手段であった。名刹(めいさつ)を対象とする永平寺講、善光寺講、成田(なりた)講などのようなものもある。また、熊野三山では平安時代の末期には御師(おし)の活躍があった。参詣(さんけい)の際に特定の僧の宿坊に泊まって祈祷(きとう)を依頼するほどのものだが、その御祈祷師を略して御師とよぶようになり、各地の信者と師檀関係をもつようになったのである。のちに伊勢(いせ)、賀茂(かも)、八坂(やさか)、北野社などでも御師制度が取り入れられた。彼らの主任務は宿泊の手配や御札の頒布だが、全国各地に代参講を結成させる原動力となった点は見逃せない。伊勢講はそのもっとも典型的なものといえる。そのほか、秋葉講、稲荷(いなり)講、金毘羅(こんぴら)講、津島講、榛名(はるな)講、富士講、古峯(ふるみね)講、三峯(みつみね)講など、それぞれの御利益(ごりやく)と結び付いて数えきれないほど存在している。そうしたなかには、大峰講や出羽(でわ)三山講、石鎚(いしづち)講のように山岳信仰から発展した修験道(しゅげんどう)の色彩の濃厚なものや、大社(たいしゃ)講や扶桑(ふそう)講のように教派神道系のものもある。 以上のような寺社信仰に基づいた講を細分化すれば、仏教系統と神道系統の講になるが、いずれも信仰の対象は居住する村落外にあって代参講の方式をとっている。代参講は、信仰の対象である寺社に参詣するために講中から代参人をたてるものである。くじや輪番によって決まった代参人は、積み立てた講金を旅費や参拝料にあてて、講中の御札(おふだ)を受けてくるのである。したがって、こうした講は本質的には崇敬者の任意団体ということになるのだが、中世以来の伝統をもつ伊勢講や、地域社会の共通の利害と結び付く講などでは地域単位で参加している場合が多い。 これに対して、民俗信仰を基盤にした講は村落内において営まれるのが普通である。山の神講や田の神講などは、それを保持する地域社会の諸条件に対応してさまざまな形態を生み出してはいるものの、村落などの一定地域全体が一つの単位となって形成されている場合が多いのである。そうした所では、山の神講や田の神講の講日が同時に村寄合(よりあい)の日ともなっていることが多い。山の神講はたいてい春秋二季に行われる。あらかじめ決められている当番の家に集まって、山の神の祭場に参拝したり、掛軸を拝したりしてから共同飲食をする。一方、田の神講は田植時や収穫時に同様の集まりをもつ。田植前に行う所では御籠(おこも)りをすることもある。いずれも作業の安全や五穀豊穣(ほうじょう)を願うのが主旨である。同じようなものに、社日(しゃにち)講、日待(ひまち)講などがある。また、特定の御利益を目的としたものに、子安(こやす)講や観音講や地蔵講、さらには念仏講などがある。これらはその目的が限られているので、講員もおのずと限定されることになり、村落内でも婦人層で構成されている。しかも、子安講は若年層、念仏講は老年層というように年齢によって支持される講が異なることもある。子供によって営まれる天神講などは顕著である。正月の25日に年長の子供の家を宿にして集まり、習字などをしたあとで五目飯をこしらえて食べ合う。天神様が学問の神様ということから子供と結び付いたものだろうが、房総あたりでは男天神・女天神として性別によっているものまである。 民俗信仰に基づく講をあげてきたのだが、これらを特定の神霊を意識した講だとすれば、庚申(こうしん)講や十九夜(じゅうくや)講・二十三夜講は特定の日時を意識した講といえる。庚申講は干支(かんし)の庚申(かのえさる)の日に身を清めて集まり、掛軸を拝して般若心経(はんにゃしんぎょう)を唱えてから、世間話などをして夜を徹する講である。各地に「話は庚申の晩に」という語が残っているほどである。十九夜講も二十三夜講も月待(つきまち)の一種であるが、現在は女性を中心とした講になっている。庚申講にしても月待の講にしても、もとは御籠りを目的とした講というが、この種のものはしだいに家ごとの祭りになりつつある。旧暦11月23日の大師(だいし)講は、講とよばれてはいるものの家ごとの祭りである。元来は神の御子(みこ)を迎え祀(まつ)るという意味合いのものだったようだが、集団で祀るという事例はいまのところ皆無である。 [佐々木勝] 経済的講経済上の相互扶助を目的としたもので、物品や金銭そして労力の融通の必要によって結成された講である。これももとは寺院内部の金融講から発展したといわれており、信仰的講の副次的なものだったようである。現状から頼母子(たのもし)講や無尽(むじん)講など金品を中心とした金融講と、労働力を中心とする労働講に分けられる。頼母子講とか無尽講などの金融講は通常、親とよばれる発起人を中心に形成される。一定の口数を決めてそれに応じて掛け金を集め、くじや入れ札による順序に従って金品を受け取るのである。講中に行き渡れば満了となって解散する。金銭の場合には金(かね)頼母子といい、物品の場合には対象となるものに応じて、萱(かや)頼母子とか畳無尽、米講、籾(もみ)頼母子、布団(ふとん)頼母子、牛頼母子、箪笥(たんす)頼母子などとよばれた。労働講にはモヤイ講、ユイ講などがある。モヤイには共同とか共有とかの意味合いが強く、共同作業の必要に応じて親しい者同士が組むといったものである。労力の貸し借りを目的とした集まりではない。これに対して、ユイは労働力の交換が原則である。だから対等な交換でない場合には物品などで補うことになる。屋根替えや田植、収穫などどうしても共同の力に頼らなくてはならない場合に広く行われる。隣近所や組など地縁的な家同士の結合である。 [佐々木勝] 職業的講職業集団によって組織される講で同業組合的な要素が強い。山の神講は、農民によって営まれるものと、山仕事に携わる人々によって営まれるものとの2種がある。信仰的講で取り上げたのは前者である。後者の山の神講は、炭焼き、猟師、木樵(きこり)などの山稼ぎをする者だけに限られたものである。講日はさまざまだが、この日はかならず仕事を休むという共通点がある。山の神の像を掛けて、尾頭(おかしら)付きの魚や赤飯などを供えて祀る。太子講は大工、左官、屋根屋、鍛冶(かじ)屋、桶(おけ)屋などの職人によって営まれる、1月と8月の日待講である。そのほか、馬子(まご)で組織される(馬頭)観音(かんのん)講、牛方による大日(だいにち)講、北関東の狩猟者による諏訪(すわ)講、商人による夷(えびす)講などがよく知られる。 [佐々木勝] 『柳田国男編『山村生活の研究』(1938/復刻版1975・国書刊行会)』▽『桜井徳太郎著『講集団成立過程の研究』(1962・吉川弘文館)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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